Integrative Family Therapy

This paper describes an integrative approach to marital and family therapy in which psychodynamic (particularly object relations), family systems, and behavioral (particularly cognitive–behavioral) theory are blended in a flexible and tailored therapeutic approach. Human personality in its most significant contexts is a consistent focus. Background factors in the development to the approach and illustrative case materials are included.     

Face processing in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

Current research on face processing in primates has focused on a few species, mostly macaques and chimpanzees; to date, only one New World monkey, the squirrel monkey, has been tested. We explored face processing, and the inversion effect in particular, in a New World primate species, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). In phase 1 of our study, we trained subjects to discriminate between two faces and two scrambled faces; we then presented the tamarins with a series of novel probes in order to determine the features underlying classification. Results showed that the tamarins relied on the external contour of the face for discrimination more than the internal features and their configuration. Statistical analyses revealed no differences in accuracy or response times to upright versus inverted stimuli, and thus no inversion effect. In phase 2, we provided subjects with additional training on the face versus scrambled face discrimination task in order to focus their attention on the configuration of the internal features. Accuracy data revealed individual differences in how tamarins classified these stimuli, even though each subject was trained in the same way. In phase 3, we tested for generalization to a new set of face stimuli, as well as for the capacity to show an inversion effect. For one subject who attended to the configuration of internal features, we found significant evidence of generalization, but no evidence for an inversion effect. Electronic Publication     

Effects of constrained choice on memory: The extension of the multiple-cue hypothesis to the self-choice effect

The self-choice effect is the phenomenon whereby self-chosen items are remembered better than experimenter-assigned items. This study examined whether the effect occurs when the choice is constrained by cuing, and whether the effect also occurs for unchosen items. In the experiment, 33 participants chose (choice condition) or were assigned (force condition) a target from three alternatives that were followed by a cue sentence as a criterion for the choice. Cue sentences corresponded to any of the three alternatives (free cuing) or to only one (constrained cuing). Participants then engaged in free recall of targets and subsequent recognition of all alternatives (chosen and unchosen items). Memory performance was enhanced by choice regardless of the constraints, but was also enhanced for unchosen items. These results indicate that "free choice" is not always critical for the self-choice effect, and that multiple cuing involving unchosen items is a plausible account for the retention advantage of choice procedures.     

Decisionarium ‐ aiding decisions,negotiating and collecting opinions on the web

Decisionarium ( www.decisionarium.hut.fi ) is the first public site for interactive multicriteria decision support with tools for individual decision‐making as well as for group collaboration and negotiation. Web‐HIPRE ( www.hipre.hut.fi ) supports value tree and AHP analysis including group models. The RICH methodology ( www.rich.hut.fi ) allows the decision maker to provide incomplete ordinal preference statements when considering the relative importance of attributes in a value tree. Opinions‐Online ( www.opinion.huf.fi ) is a platform for surveys voting and group collaboration. There are different ways for voting, multiattribute scoring, surveys as well as interactive viewing of the results. Joint Gains ( www.jointgains.hut.fi ) applies the method of improving directions to support multiparty negotiations in a multicriteria setting. Smart Swaps offers an implementation of the even swaps procedure ( www.smart‐swaps.hut.fi ). All of the tools above are web‐based, so global interaction is natural and links can be utilized for multimedia information support. Decisionarium also offers access to complete e‐learning modules ( www.dm.hut.fi ) based on the use of the software. There are also illustrative powerpoint presentations and additional Windows software WINPRE and PRIME‐Decisions for value tree analysis under incomplete information. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工作绩效与工作满意度、组织承诺和目标定向的关系

在全面回顾工作绩效及其影响因素的基础上,通过关键事件方法和问卷调查方法,对来自全国的1066位雇员进行了施测,运用AMOS软件,对工作绩效结构进行验证性因素分析,并对文中提出的假设进行了检验。之后,提出并验证了影响员工工作绩效的态度因素及整合模型。研究结果显示：工作满意度、组织承诺和目标定向对工作绩效的各个子维度的影响是不一致的。工作满意度越高,员工的工作绩效越好;另一方面,组织承诺和目标定向对雇员工作绩效各个子维度的影响不一致。文章最后对全文进行了总结,并对后续研究给出了建议     

建立新一代的精神分裂症动物模型

精神分裂症动物模型的建立与发展,是当前探索精神分裂症的神经生物学和认知心理学机制的一个关键课题。在加工-保护理论的基础上所建立起来的感觉运动门控精神分裂症模型一直受到普遍的关注。然而,高级认知活动是如何对感觉门控进行调节的这一核心问题目前还有待进一步的解决。本综述围绕着这个核心问题,系统地解释为什么惊反射前脉冲抑制成为目前最为流行的一种精神分裂症的模型,并介绍恐惧情绪学习对感觉运动门控调节作用的最新研究成果,以及阐述这种自上而下的调节作用如何受到在早期发育阶段的社会隔离的影响     

外在特征变化对人像辨认的影响

运用眼动分析法探讨了外在特征变化对人像辨认的影响,即外在特征多少、学习与辨认外在特征的一致性对人像辨认的影响。因变量为人像辨认的反应时、辨别力、注视次数、眼跳幅度。实验表明：学习与辨认的一致性对人像辨认影响显著,外在特征多少对人像辨认影响不显著。     

学习策略在思维风格与数学学业成就关系中的中介效应研究

以227名大学二年级理科生为被试,采用问卷调查法,探讨了学习策略在思维风格与数学学业成就关系中的作用。结果表明：（1）认知策略、元认知策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就关系中起完全中介的作用,而资源管理策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就间的中介效应不显著。（2）认知策略、元认知策略在整体性风格与数学学业成就关系中起部分中介的作用,而资源管理策略在整体性风格与数学学业成就间的中介效应不显著。（3）认知策略、元认知策略和资源管理策略在开放性风格与数学学业成就关系中起部分中介的作用。（4）元认知策略在等级制风格与数学学业成就间的中介作用以及在开放性风格与数学学业成就间的中介作用都是相对较大的。     

学优儿童学习适应性、学习习惯和应试技能及其关系

采用《儿童学习适应性调查表（I）、（II）》和《学习习惯与应试技能自我测查表》对231名学优儿童的学习适应性及其相关因素进行调查。结果表明：（1）学优儿童和学习不良儿童的学习适应性、学习习惯和应试技能存在显著性差异;（2）城市学优儿童的学习生活、学习习惯、学习方法、阅读习惯和技能明显优于农村学优儿童;（3）学优女生在学习适应性明显好于男生,但女生有独立性差、情绪障碍等症状,而学优男生则在学习习惯方面不如女生。在学习习惯与应试技能方面则不存在显著的性别差异;（4）除了对学校的态度因子外,学优儿童学习适应性与其学习习惯和学习方法、阅读习惯和技能、准备与应试等有显著性相关。