Sport bodies: An examination of positive body image,sport-confidence,and subjective sport performance in Jamaican athletes

Guided by the Sport-Confidence Model, this study examined the associations among a positive body image, sport-confidence, and sport performance evaluations. Using a cross-sectional design, a purposive sample of 314 Jamaican athletes (male = 70.7%; $M_{age}$ = 22.85; SD = 4.89) completed measures of body and functionality appreciation, sport-confidence, and subjective sport performance. Results from path analysis provided evidence for good model-data fit. Body (B = 9.03, p < .001) and functionality (B = 4.93, p = .036) appreciation exerted direct effects on sport-confidence. Sport-confidence exerted a direct effect on sport performance evaluations (B = 0.09, p < .001). Body (B = 0.79, CI_95% [0.44, 1.17]) and functionality (B = 0.43, CI_95% [0.05, 0.92]) appreciation exerted indirect effects on sport performance evaluations through sport-confidence. Results indicate that supporting the development of a positive body image in athletes may contribute to feelings of sport-confidence and positive performance outcomes.     

Driving errors,estimated performance and individual characteristics under simulated and real road traffic conditions – A validation study

BackgroundThe suitability of driving simulators for the prediction of driving behaviour in road traffic has been able to be confirmed in respect of individual assessment parameters. However, there is a need for overarching approaches that take into account the interaction between various influencing factors in order to establish proof of validity. The aim of this study was to explore the validity of our driving simulator in respect of its ability to predict driving behaviour based on participants‘ observed driving errors and driver’s individual characteristics.Method41 healthy participants were assessed both in a Smart-Realo-Simulator and on the road. By means of linear modelling, the correlation between observed driving errors was investigated. In addition, the influence of self-reported and externally assessed driving behaviour as well as individual parameters (education and training; driving history) were analysed.ResultsBy including these factors, 58% of the variance could be explained. For observed driving errors, a relative validity was established. For self-reported and externally assessed driving behaviour, an absolute to relative validity emerged. The amount of time spent in education and training proved to have a significant influence on driving performance in the simulator, but not on the road.DiscussionIn general, our results confirmed the validity of our driving simulator with regard to observed and self-reported driving behaviour. It emerged that education and training as potential indicators of cognitive resources played a differential role regarding the study conditions. Since real road driving is considerably automated in experienced drivers, this result suggests that simulation-related behavioural regulation is challenged by additional cognitive demands as opposed to behavioural regulation extending to real road driving. However, the source of these additional cognitive demands remains currently elusive and may form the subject of future research.     

委屈可以求全吗?自我表现视角下职场排斥对个体绩效的影响机制

有关职场排斥对员工绩效的影响结果, 已有研究存在不一致的研究结论, 表明该领域还存在潜藏的作用机制有待深入发掘。为此, 基于自我表现理论, 本文构建并检验了一个有条件的间接作用模型, 探讨遭受职场排斥的个体如何以及何时可能获得更高的绩效评价。基于一个情景实验和一个多时点、上下级配对的问卷调查, 研究结果支持了理论假设：职场排斥会激发个体表面顺从的应对策略, 并且这种应对趋向对高集体主义倾向的员工更为明显; 而在领导的集体主义倾向较高的情况下, 高表面顺从的下属能获得更高的绩效评价; 当且仅当下属和领导的集体主义倾向都较高时, 职场排斥通过表面顺从对绩效评价产生正向影响。     

Shared leadership development and team performance: A new look at the dynamics of shared leadership

The present study offers new theoretical insights into the dynamics of shared leadership. Integrating arguments from shared leadership and team development theory, we examine how shared leadership changes over the course of a project team's life cycle and how this pattern of change relates to team performance. Guided by shared leadership theory and project team literature, we also explore team‐level factors, which may alter the pattern of shared leadership development. In particular, we propose that in project teams shared leadership develops in a nonuniform way, approximating an inverted U‐shaped pattern, increasing early in the team's life cycle, peaking around the midpoint, and then decreasing in the later phase. In turn, this development pattern relates positively to team performance. We also extend theory by explaining how specific team characteristics influence the pattern of shared leadership development. Using a three‐study approach, we empirically examine the hypothesized relationships and conclude with a general discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.     

教学微视频的播放速度对学习效果的影响

为探究教学微视频播放速度对学习效果和学习满意度的影响,实验1采用行为测试和眼动追踪技术测查了62名大学生在正常播放、1.5倍和2倍播放条件下的学习效果和视觉注意过程。结果表明随着播放速度加快（1）学习者的学习效果和学习满意度会降低;（2）对图片区的注视时间及图文转换次数减少。加速播放视频不利于学习,可能是因为学习时长不同。从现实情境和理论研究两方面考虑,实验2控制了相等的视频学习时长后发现：（1）与正常速度相比1.5倍播放不会抑制学习,2倍播放的学习效果高于1.5倍;（2）但不同速度的学习满意度和眼动结果无显著差异。该研究为短视频播放速度的相关研究提供了新的研究视角,并对教学微视频设计提供了参照。     

Representative co-design: Utilising a source of experiential knowledge for athlete development and performance preparation

Contemporary models for athlete development and performance preparation in sport have advocated a role re-conceptualisation for coaches grounded as learning environment designers. Within this re-conceptualisation, expert practitioners are encouraged to draw upon their experiential knowledge to design representative and meaningful learning activities that place the performer-environment interaction at its core. However, we propose that, currently, a critical source of experiential knowledge is often overlooked within the process of learning design – that of performers. Specifically, practitioner-performer interactions could enrich the design of learning environments by promoting the utilisation of soliciting affordances and encouraging the psychological engagement of performers. This paper introduces the concept of representative co-design – a notion which builds on existing research by framing how the insights and experiences of performers can be negotiated within the design of practice tasks that seek to faithfully simulate interacting constraints of competition to enrich learning environments. We frame the notion of representative co-design, and contend its importance within more contemporary athlete development and performance preparation models, at two levels: (i) that of enriching physical education curricula to develop thought provoking, ‘intelligent’ child/adolescent learners, and (ii) that of enriching contemporary athlete preparation models in high-performance sport to enhance learning and engagement, and to develop ‘next generation’ coaches within current athletes. To bring this conceptualisation to life, we present two exemplars demonstrating the notion of representative co-design, while concurrently highlighting areas for future research.     

临时知识型员工自主性动机激发：关系导向人力资源管理建构及其作用机理

快速变化的技术需求使得人才外部化, 人才共享成为组织获取技能型、知识型人才的重要方式。共享经济背景下的人力资源管理属于新兴研究领域, 企业在管理临时知识型员工面临很大挑战。由于身份的外部性、临时性, 员工关系基础薄弱, 临时知识型员工专业能力发挥受限, 工作场所关系需求受阻, 导致自主性动机不足, 影响绩效产出, 而传统对外部员工的契约型管理难以解决以上问题。针对嵌入团队工作的临时知识型员工, 研究基于关系型协调理论探索关系导向人力资源管理实践构成。在此基础上, 结合自我决定理论探讨关系导向人力资源管理实践提升临时知识型员工绩效的作用机理, 验证从自主性动机来源、自主性动机激发到自主性动机结果的路径机制。对关系导向人力资源管理实践内容和效用探讨有助于深入理解临时知识型员工的管理, 为共享经济背景下新型用工管理实践提供启示。     

中国情境下家长式领导与员工绩效关系的元分析

本研究采用元分析技术和效标剖面元分析技术探讨中国情境下家长式领导与员工绩效之间的关系。通过文献收集与筛选, 共纳入139项研究400个效应值(N = 44605)。元分析结果发现：(1)仁慈领导、德行领导与任务绩效和组织公民绩效有较强的正相关关系, 与反生产绩效有较强的负相关关系。与之相反, 威权领导与任务绩效和组织公民绩效之间有显著的负相关关系, 与反生产绩效显著正相关。(2)低威权领导剖面(仁慈领导和德行领导水平高)对任务绩效和组织公民绩效的预测力最强, 高威权领导剖面(仁慈领导和德行领导水平低)对反生产绩效的预测力最强。(3)年龄能够调节家长式领导部分维度和绩效之间的关系强度, 性别对家长式领导分维度和绩效关系的调节效应不显著。研究结果进一步揭示了中国情境下家长式领导与个体绩效之间关系的“真相”。     

One year after ischemic stroke: Changes in leg movement path stability in a speed–accuracy task but no major effects on the hands

First year after the stroke is essential for motor recovery. The main motor control strategy (i.e., faster movement production at the expense of lower movement accuracy and stability, or greater movement accuracy and stability at the expense of slower movement) selected by poststroke patients during a unilateral speed–accuracy task (SAT) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the poststroke (12 months after stroke) effects on the trade-off between movement speed and accuracy, and intraindividual variability during a motor performance task. Healthy right-handed men (n = 20; age ∼ 66 years) and right-handed men after ischemic stroke during their post rehabilitation period (n = 20; age ∼ 69 years) were asked to perform a simple reaction task, a maximal velocity performance task and a SAT with the right and left hand, and with the right and left leg. In the hand movement trial, reaction time and movement velocity (V_max) in the SAT were slower and time to V_max in the SAT was longer in the poststroke group (P < .01). In the leg movement trial, poststroke participants reached a greater V_max in the SAT than the healthy participants (P < .01). The greatest poststroke effect on intraindividual variability in movements was found for movement path in the SAT, which was significantly greater in the legs than in the hands. Poststroke patients in the first year after stroke mainly selected an impulsive strategy for speed over hand and leg motor control, but at the expense of lower movement accuracy and greater variability in movement.