任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩的相关

本研究采用 3× 3二因素混合实验设计 (年龄、材料 ) ,以 |P -A|÷A做指标 ,对任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关进行了研究。发现 :任务难度的预见准确性与记忆成绩之间存在显著相关 ;被试年龄对任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关有影响 ;材料难度对任务难度预见的准确性与记忆成绩之间的相关没有影响     

研究专家行为的实验途径:一种质性方法

随着认知心理学对具体领域问题解决的研究不断深入,研究者越来越关注人的高级认知过程;而伴随这一研究倾向的变化．旨在揭示高胜任能力或者专家行为的实质及其发展的科学研究方法也逐渐成形;本文介绍了选择符合科学研究的专家行为标准,即有效性、可重复性和可测量性;之后,详述了研究专家行为的步骤．即选择被试、明确典型任务、进行任务分析、设计研究方案、收集原始资料、分析原始资料和解释专家行为等。这一方法的阐述．为心理学工作者使用该方法提供了一类规范。     

Action Phases and Goal Setting: Being Optimistic After Decision Making Without Getting into Trouble

According to Gollwitzer's mindset theory, people in postdecisional action phases, who are about to implement a chosen action or goal, are supposed to be more optimistic than people in predecisional action phases, who are deliberating on different actions or goals (P. M. Gollwitzer, 1990). The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that postdecisional people are optimistic in a way that does not set them up for failure and disappointment. In three experiments it is shown that people who are in an implemental mindset neither set more demanding goals than do deliberative people nor do they inflate their performance predictions. Instead, they are more confident in reaching their goals and more cautious when predicting future performance. This behavior is interpreted in terms of a strategy that allows people to hold optimistic beliefs without facing the danger of exaggerated goal setting or a disconfirmation of their beliefs.     

加法和乘法算式的表征方式

探讨加法和乘法算式的心理表征方式问题 ,检验加法和乘法算式表征分离假设 :对于加法算式主要形成视觉 -阿拉伯数字表征 ,对于乘法算式主要形成听觉 -言语表征。要求 2 4位大学生 (男女生各半 )回答一位数加法和乘法问题 (例如 ,2 +3 ,2× 3) ,这些问题中的算数用阿拉伯数字 (1～ 9)呈现或者汉字数字 (壹～玖 )呈现。结果是与阿拉伯数字条件相比 ,汉字数字条件对加法问题产生更大的影响 ,这与假设一致 ,支持Campbell等人的编码复杂性假设 (Encodingcomplexhypothesis) ,但又具体化和发展了这一假设     

An exploratory study of the kinematics of girls with Turner Syndrome in a visuo‐motor task

In this paper a study is reported in which a group of children with Turner Syndrome (TS) is compared on motor performance tests and real‐time kinematic data with a control group. The objective of this study was to identify possible kinematic variables that characterize the movement patterns utilized by this group of children in achieving their optimal performance. The underlying idea is that by comparing test results and movement kinematics one might gain more insight into the movement production of children than by just looking at the test results or by just using clinical movement observation. The children performed a pen and paper task, the flower trail (one of the sub‐tests of the Movement ABC) (Henderson and Sugden, 1992), on an XY‐tablet. We explored kinematic variables, such as trajectory length, movement time, velocity and pen pressure. It was found that, although girls with TS have a severe motor deficit, they are able to draw a line accurately between two narrow boundaries just as well as the control children (no significant difference in mean number of spatial errors). However, quantitative analysis revealed that girls with TS made a large amount of deviations from the optimal path such that their trajectory length increased with more than 10% per flower trail compared to the control group children. They also made more pen lifts and more changes in velocity. The study showed that children from the two groups may reach the same basic accuracy performance level by using very different strategies. Kinematic registration of fine motor tasks holds promise in gaining more insight into how clinical groups cope with their specific motor problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

内隐绩效模型对绩效评估一致性的效应分析

本文在以往研究基础上,对评估者的内隐绩效模型进行了理论分析和实证研究。通过对上级、一级评估者的内隐绩效模型和对下级绩效评估的比较研究发现,上下级主估者的内隐绩效模型存在差异,并对绩效评估的一致性有重要的影响作用。本文还对内隐绩效模型的形成进行了探讨。     

Relationships between emotional labor, job performance, and turnover

The present study investigates the relationship between the emotional labor strategies surface acting and deep acting and organizational outcomes, specifically, employees' overall job performance and turnover. Call center employees from two large financial service organizations completed an online survey about their use of surface and deep acting. Their responses were matched with supervisors' ratings of overall job performance and organizational turnover records obtained 9 months later. Results indicate that surface acting is directly related to employee turnover and emotional exhaustion and that the relationship between surface acting and job performance is indirect via employee affective delivery. Deep acting was not linked to these outcomes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed from the perspective of emotional labor theories.     

The impact of supervisory mentoring on personal learning and career outcomes: The dual moderating effect of self-efficacy

Using survey data from 226 employees and their supervisors in four manufacturing companies in China, we found that employee self-efficacy has a dual moderating effect on the impact of supervisory mentoring on subordinate career outcomes. Path analytic tests of mediated moderation suggested that self-efficacy moderates the mediated effects of supervisory mentoring on job performance and career satisfaction through personal learning such that the mediated effect on job performance is stronger when employees have higher self-efficacy, but the mediated effect on career satisfaction is stronger when they have lower self-efficacy.     

Higher-order Traits and Happiness in the Workplace: The Importance of Occupational Project Scale for the Evaluation of Characteristic Adaptations

This study attempts to explain the relationship between job satisfaction and the Big Two, Stability and Plasticity, which are the higher-order traits of Big Five. Occupational Project, a narrative construct, was considered a mediator variable in this relationship. Occupational Project consists of affective and cognitive evaluations of an individual's work life as a project in terms of the completed (past), the ongoing (present) and the prospective (future) parts. The survey method was applied to a sample of 253 participants. The results supported the proposed model, in which Occupational Project mediated the relationship between the Big Two and both job satisfaction and affect in workplace. Discussion is focused on applying Occupational Project as a practical tool for management. Consideration of an employee's Occupational Project could provide management with a means to question, understand, intervene with and redefine the narrative quality of his/her occupational project that influences job satisfaction.     

Effect of Instructions Prioritizing Speed or Accuracy on Kinematics and Kicking Performance in Football Players

The authors' purpose was to investigate if there is a speed accuracy trade-off in soccer kicking by using instructions prioritizing velocity, accuracy, or both upon soccer kicking performance and kicking direction in experienced soccer players. In addition, kinematics were measured to investigate the eventual differences in performance. Thirteen experienced male footballers performed penalty kicks with different instructions prioritizing velocity, accuracy or both. Three-dimensional kinematics, together with maximal ball velocity and hitting accuracy, were measured on all kicks. The main findings were that when the main aim was accuracy, accuracy increased, while the velocity reduced, which supports Fitts' law (Fitts, 1954 Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47, 381–391.[Crossref], [PubMed] , [Google Scholar]). In addition, kicking accuracy was higher when kicking to the contralateral side. The slower ball velocity was caused by lower segmental and in run velocities. These lower segmental velocities were mainly caused by the lower maximal knee extension and pelvis rotation during the accuracy priority kicks.