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91.
Bootstrap and jackknife techniques are used to estimate ellipsoidal confidence regions of group stimulus points derived from
INDSCAL. The validity of these estimates is assessed through Monte Carlo analysis. Asymptotic estimates of confidence regions
based on a MULTISCALE solution are also evaluated. Our findings suggest that the bootstrap and jackknife techniques may be
used to provide statements regarding the accuracy of the relative locations of points in space. Our findings also suggest
that MULTISCALE asymptotic estimates of confidence regions based on small samples provide an optimistic view of the actual
statistical reliability of the solution.
The authors wish to thank Geert DeSoete, Richard A. Harshman, William Heiser, Jon Kettenring, Joseph B. Kruskal, Jacqueline
Meulman, James O. Ramsay, John W. Tukey, Paul A. Tukey, and Mike Wish.
Sharon L. Weinberg is a consultant at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974. 相似文献
92.
David Hitchcock 《Argumentation》1992,6(2):251-270
Relevance is a triadic relation between an item, an outcome or goal, and a situation. Causal relevance consists in an item's ability to help produce an outcome in a situation. Epistemic relevance, a distinct concept, consists in the ability of a piece of information (or a speech act communicating or requesting a piece of information) to help achieve an epistemic goal in a situation. It has this ability when it can be ineliminably combined with other at least potentially accurate information to achieve the goal. The relevance of a conversational contribution, premiss relevance and conclusion relevance are species of epistemic relevance thus defined. The conception of premiss relevance which results provides a basis for determining when the various arguments ad called fallacies of relevance are indeed irrelevant. In particular, an ad verecundiam appeal is irrelevant if the authority cited lacks expertise in a cognitive domain to which the conclusion belongs, the authority does not exercise its expertise in coming to endorse the conclusion, or the conclusion does not belong to a cognitive domain; otherwise the ad verecundiam is relevant. 相似文献
93.
Nancy Struever 《Argumentation》1992,6(3):337-347
This paper suggests a specific contribution of contemporary history and philosophy of science to the theory of history. The pragmatic in the technical sense of analysis of use and user aspects of scientific discourse, and the pragmatist, in the sense of a focus on utility as canon, dimensions of modern philosophy of science illumine the structure of historical inquiry. Simply put, the structure of writing produced by the historical discipline is argumentative. Further, the nature of the historical argumentative strategies is best described by reference to classical rhetorical, to topical modes of argument. 相似文献
94.
Nicholas Rescher 《Argumentation》1998,12(2):315-323
The structure of this discussion will be tripartite. First it will set out a way of distinguishing between rhetoric and strictly rational argumentation. Next it will consider some of the ramifications of this proposed way of looking at the matter – in particular what its implications are for rationality and for rhetoric, respectively. Finally it examines how this perspective bears on the project of philosophizing. The paper's ultimate aim, accordingly, is to consider what light such an analysis can shed upon philosophy and philosophizing. 相似文献
95.
In this article it is pointed out what kind of rules for communication and argumentation are required in order to make it possible to resolve disputes in an orderly way. In section 2, Gricean maxims and Searlean speech act conditions are integrated in such a way that five general rules for communication can be formulated. In section 3, starting from Lewis's definition of convention, it is argued that the interactional effect of accepting is conventionally linked with the complex communicative act complex of argumentation. In section 4, the rules for argumentation are placed in a dialogical perspective. 相似文献
96.
Formal aspects of Legal reasoning 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Soeteman 《Argumentation》1995,9(5):731-746
This paper discusses the functions of deductive justification in ideal reconstructions of judicial reasoning. It departs from the point of judicial reasoning: explaining and justifying the judicial decision. It argues that deductive validity is not enough for good judicial argument. On the other hand, deductive justification is necessary, not only for easy cases but for hard cases as well. It draws some consequences for the concept of jumps in legal reasoning and for the traditional distinction between internal and external justification. 相似文献
97.
Sara Rubinelli 《Argumentation》2006,20(3):253-272
In classical logic and rhetoric the strategies of argumentation known as topoi played a crucial role. Yet, topoi refer there to different kinds of strategies that this study intends to explain synoptically. Main focus will be on passages from Aristotle and Cicero. Indeed, these sources contain examples and theoretical considerations, which provide the basis for a general investigation of the complex phenomenon of topoi in the ancient world. Four main types of topoi will be juxtaposed and discusses comparatively as a way to inspire historical reconstructions of the system of topoi, as well as modern theory formation on argumentation where topoi still receive much attention. 相似文献
98.
Argumentation logicians have recognized a specter of relativism to haunt their philosophy of argument. However, their attempts
to dispel pernicious relativism by invoking notions of a universal audience or a community of model interlocutors have not
been entirely successful. In fact, their various discussions of a universal audience invoke the context-eschewing formalism
of Kant’s categorical imperative. Moreover, they embrace the Kantian method for resolving the antinomies that continually
vacillates between opposing extremes – here between a transcendent universal audience and a context-embedded particular audience.
This tack ironically restores the very external mediation they thought to obviate in their aim to ‘dethrone’ the absolutism
and totalitarianism of formal logic with a democratic turn to audience adherence, the acceptability of premises and inferential
links, and a contextual, or participant-relative, notion of cogency. 相似文献
99.
In this paper, the author develops an instrument for the rational reconstruction of argumentation in which a judicial decision
is justified by referring to the consequences in relation to the purpose of the rule. The instrument is developed by integrating
insights from legal theory and legal philosophy about the function and use of arguments from consequences in relation to the
purpose of a rule into a pragma-dialectical framework. Then, by applying the instrument to the analysis of examples from legal
practice, it is demonstrated that the instrument can offer a heuristic and critical tool for the analysis and evaluation of
legal argumentation that can ‘bridge’ the gap between more abstract discussions of forms of legal argumentation on the one
hand, and legal arguments as they occur in actual legal practice on the other hand. 相似文献
100.
This article sets up a graph-theoretical framework for argumentation-analysis (dialectical analysis) which expands classical argument-analysis. Within this framework, a main theorem on the existence of inconsistencies in debates is stated and proved: the vicious circle theorem. Subsequently, two corollaries which generalize the main theorem are derived. Finally, a brief outlook is given on further expansions and possible applications of the developed framework. 相似文献