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91.
Children and adults commonly produce more generic noun phrases (e.g., birds fly) about animals than artifacts. This may reflect differences in participants’ generic knowledge about specific animals/artifacts (e.g., dogs/chairs), or it may reflect a more general distinction. To test this, the current experiments asked adults and preschoolers to generate properties about novel animals and artifacts (Experiment 1: real animals/artifacts; Experiments 2 and 3: matched pairs of maximally similar, novel animals/artifacts). Data demonstrate that even without prior knowledge about these items, the likelihood of producing a generic is significantly greater for animals than artifacts. These results leave open the question of whether this pattern is the product of experience and learned associations or instead a set of early-developing theories about animals and artifacts. 相似文献
92.
Jennie Louise 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(4):345-364
The ‘Wrong Kind of Reason’ problem for buck-passing theories (theories which hold that the normative is explanatorily or conceptually
prior to the evaluative) is to explain why the existence of pragmatic or strategic reasons for some response to an object
does not suffice to ground evaluative claims about that object. The only workable reply seems to be to deny that there are reasons of the ‘wrong kind’ for responses, and to argue that these are really reasons for wanting, trying, or intending to
have that response. In support of this, it is pointed out that awareness of pragmatic or strategic considerations, unlike
awareness of reasons of the ‘right kind’, are never sufficient by themselves to produce the responses for which they are reasons.
I argue that this phenomenon cannot be used as a criterion for distinguishing reasons-for-a-response from reasons-for-wanting-to-have-a-response.
I subsequently investigate the possibility of basing this distinction on a claim that the responses in question (e.g. admiration
or desire) are themselves inherently normative; I conclude that this approach is also unsuccessful. Hence, the ‘direct response’
phenomenon cannot be used to rule out the possibility of pragmatic or strategic reasons for responses; and the rejection of
such reasons therefore cannot be used to circumvent the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem.
相似文献
Jennie LouiseEmail: |
93.
94.
本研究旨在探索“怕导师”现象的文化原因,从师徒关系内隐观分析“怕导师”的影响因素。采用问卷调查和启动实验的研究方法,结果表明:(1)“怕导师”现象是存在的,即研究生害怕来自导师的负面评价。相比女性导师,研究生更害怕男性导师;导师的职称会影响研究生的害怕程度,当导师是教授时,研究生更为害怕。(2)研究生的师徒关系内隐观与其负面评价恐惧有关,越具有“学从师教”观念的人越害怕来自导师的负面评价。(3)“学从师教”文化观的启动会影响研究生对导师负面评价的恐惧程度。 相似文献
95.
S. Rachman 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1984,6(4):281-299
The influential Miller-Mowrer theory of fear and avoidance served well for over 30 years, but the need for revisions is now irresistible. The evidence in support of the first part of the theory, the conditioned acquisition of fear, is reviewed briefly and the major weaknesses of the theory are identified. The insufficiency of the second part of the theory, which deals with the persistence of avoidance behavior, is noted. Six emerging themes and theories of anxiety are described and briefly compared: Lang's bioinformational theory, Gray's neuropsychological theory, Beck's cognitive theory, Eysenk's neobehavioristic theory, emotional processing, and Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Attention is given to the 3 pathways to fear acquisition hypothesis, and to the role of safety signals in maintaining avoidance behavior. This subject is undergoing a period of healthy ferment, and significant advances in understanding can be expected to occur in the near future. 相似文献
96.
Positive behavioral contrast when pigeons press treadles during multiple schedules 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
McSweeney FK 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1983,39(1):149-156
Pigeons were placed on multiple variable-interval 15-second variable-interval 15-second and on multiple variable-interval 15-second extinction schedules in which treadle presses produced food reinforcers. Positive behavioral contrast occurred. That is, rates of responding were higher during the variable-interval 15-second component when the other component was extinction than when it was another variable-interval 15-second schedule. These results contradict the findings of other studies, which failed to find positive contrast when pigeons pressed treadles for food reinforcers. They may also question the additive theories of behavioral contrast that predict that contrast should not occur in this situation. 相似文献
97.
98.
菜单界面设计的认知工效学研究方法 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
菜单研究是人 -计算机交互研究的重要内容之一。本文以研究方法的发展过程为主线 ,回顾了菜单界面认知工效学研究的历程 ,分别讨论了传统实验方法、系统仿真方法和眼动追踪方法在菜单界面设计研究中的应用 相似文献
99.
Luis Roniger 《Journal of Modern Jewish Studies》2018,17(4):434-454
This article analyses the dissemination of conspiracy theories in late 20th-century Argentina, particularly those connected with the idea of Synarchy, a supposed underground global network working against the country’s interests. It reconstructs the projection and impact of those theories among Peronist right-wing and left-wing followers as well as among anti-Peronist intellectuals. While not necessarily anti-Semitic, the suspicion of such a network plotting in the shadows affected the public imaginary of society, spilling at certain points into explicit anti-Semitism. The text also addresses the long-term effect of a connected myth, the Plan Andinia, a plot supposedly articulated by Jews and/or young Israelis who, while touring Patagonia, were thought to be undercover agents preparing a territorial takeover of the southern region to create a second Jewish state. Analysis reveals that even in the early twenty-first century such conspirationist logic continued to pervade some of Argentina’s high echelons of power. 相似文献
100.
In this article, the authors describe the application of relational-cultural theory (RCT) for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). RCT’s philosophical foundation and core processes work effectively within the context of the counseling session. Through the RCT lens, the authors examine how the theory’s approaches can be utilized for relational rebuilding. Finally, RCT strategies are included for working with women who have experienced shame and relational disconnections as the result of IPV. 相似文献