视频游戏虚拟化身对自我概念的影响

虚拟化身(virtual avatar)是玩家在视频游戏中的虚拟自我呈现方式, 通过操控虚拟化身, 玩家可扮演不同的角色, 并拥有新的身份。作为现实自我的投射和展示, 虚拟化身会影响个体的自我认同, 并带来自我的变化。近年来, 越来越多的研究开始关注虚拟化身对个体自我的影响。大量研究表明, 在视频游戏中操纵虚拟化身进行行为和身份模拟会影响个体的自我概念。相关理论从不同视角解释了虚拟化身影响自我概念的原因。另外, 已有研究表明虚拟化身与自我概念的关系受到化身线索、视频游戏特征及个体因素的影响; 自我临场感和化身认同是虚拟化身影响自我概念的内在心理机制。未来研究应关注虚拟化身对自我概念的深层次影响和长期影响, 化身形象和行为两种线索的交互影响, 以及虚拟化身带来的自我概念改变对现实行为的影响, 并加强该领域的应用研究。     

自我概念一致性与幸福感间的关系：文化的调节作用

自我概念一致性已经被证明对于享乐的和自我实现的幸福感具有促进作用。然而文化可以影响它们之间的关系。西方人崇尚个人主义, 具有独立型自我构念和低水平的辩证思维, 因此他们的自我概念一致性较高, 且对幸福感具有强烈的促进作用。而东方人崇尚集体主义, 具有互依型自我构念和高水平的辩证思维, 因此他们的自我概念一致性较低, 且对幸福感的促进作用微弱。未来的研究需要在特质以外的人格水平上, 检验不同分类标准下的自我概念一致性与文化和多种类型的幸福感间的关系。并且探索文化发挥作用的其他机制, 解析文化与自我概念相互作用, 共同影响幸福感的深层机制。     

圣人之道，吾性自足：自我概念对生命意义的影响

生命意义是人类生命存在的永恒追求。东西方的理论均认为意义源于个体内在的自我结构,即自我概念。为了验证自我概念对生命意义的影响,对68名大学生进行实验研究。现场实验结果显示,控制生命意义基线水平和正负情绪后,自我概念仍显著预测生命意义;且自我概念提高组的生命意义得分显著高于降低组。行为实验结果显示,在高、低生命意义词汇记忆任务中,相比于低生命意义词,自我概念提高组对高生命意义词的再认率更高;相比于高生命意义词,自我概念降低组对低生命意义词的再认率更高。这些结果均表明,自我概念影响生命意义。结果暗示构建积极的自我概念形成强大的内心才是个体生命意义构建的根本途径。     

中学生自我概念的特点及其与学业成绩的关系

本研究采用问卷法,针对随机取样的428名中学生,考察了自我概念的年级与性别特点及其与学业成绩的关系。结果表明:(1)在自我概念总量表和分量表上,中学生存在显著的年级和性别差异;(2)在自我概念子量表上,年级和性别的交互作用显著;(3)在言语自我、数学自我、一般学校、体能自我、父母关系、诚实可信、一般自我等子量表,以及学业、非学业分量表和总量表上,不同学业水平的学生有显著差异;(4)除体能自我、与异性关系和与同性关系子量表外,学业成绩与自我概念有显著正相关,而且学业成绩对自我概念有显著预测性,一般学校自我对学业成绩有显著的预测性。     

师生关系与小学生自我概念的关系研究

本研究采用访谈法与问卷法,选取北京市3所小学的498名三至六年级的小学生(男生255名,女生243名)及其班主任作为被试,考察了小学生的师生关系与自我概念的关系。研究结果发现:(1)师生关系的冲突性、亲密性和反应性与小学生自我概念发展具有显著相关。(2)师生关系对自我概念不同方面的发展的预测不同,师生关系的亲密性、冲突性和反应性对自我概念的各方面具有不同的预测性。(3)亲密型师生关系更有利于小学生自我概念的健康发展,冷漠型师生关系最有碍于小学生的自我概念发展。本研究结果对于教育实践具有重要的指导意义。     

中学生自我概念、学业归因与学业成绩关系的研究

该研究采用问卷法探讨中学生自我概念、学业归因与学业成绩的关系,并分别对初中生和高中生建立了因果关系模型。两模型区别在于：（1）学业成绩对初中生自我概念的影响大于对高中生的;（2）高中生学业自我概念受内部控制、非学业自我概念受未知方控制直接影响。研究还表明：（1）初中生的学业自我概念显著高于高中生的;（2）学业自我概念、一般自我概念与学业成绩高低一致;（3）内部控制源与有势力的他人控制源显著相关。     

品牌个性与消费者自我概念的一致性及其对品牌忠诚的影响

品牌个性与消费者自概念的一致性是指消费者在进行品牌选择时,倾向于选择那些品牌个性与其自我概念一致的品牌。品牌个性与自我概念的一致性对消费者的品牌忠诚具有积极的影响。许多研究都证实了这一点。本文主要对品牌个性与消费者自我概念的一致性对品牌偏好的影响做了简要的概述,对并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Academic self-concept of ability and cortisol reactivity

The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between a school-specific trait (academic self-concept of ability [ASCA]) and hormonal stress response by using a trait-compatible stressor (test). First, we determined 52 students' ASCA scores for biology and measured their salivary cortisol concentration before and after a biology test (experimental group, n = 28) or a free writing task (control group, n = 24). For participants who took the test, statistical analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between ASCA score and cortisol response. In contrast, the control group showed a decrease in cortisol concentrations between test times and no correlation between cortisol concentration and ASCA scores were found. These findings indicated an interaction between ASCA scores and hormonal stress response when an academic-related stressor is present. Furthermore, these variables might influence each other adversely: high cortisol concentrations during a test situation may lead to greater feelings of insecurity, resulting in low ASCA scores and awareness of these low scores may lead to a further increase in cortisol, creating a vicious cycle.     

Judging the differences between women's attractiveness and health: Is there really a difference between judgments made by men and women?

Perceived weight in the face and body size have been shown to be significant predictors of both attractiveness and health. Studies looking at the relationship between attractiveness, perceived health, and perceived weight in faces have found that individuals prefer a lower weight for attractiveness than for apparent health. Here, a group of twenty-four Asian participants were allowed to manipulate the apparent body mass indices (BMIs) of full-length photographs of young Malaysian Chinese women to enhance their perceived healthiness and attractiveness. Results showed that both men and women differentiated between attractiveness and health by preferring a lower BMI for attractiveness than health, suggesting a consistency in the preferred ideal BMI for attractiveness and healthy appearance across both sexes. Results also suggested that BMI provides important cues to judgments of attractive and healthy appearance.     

The role of state mindfulness during yoga in predicting self-objectification and reasons for exercise

ObjectivesObjectification theory is a useful framework for understanding how individuals internalize the sexual objectification of male and female bodies. This internalization, called self-objectification, can result in negative psychological and behavioral outcomes (e.g., body shame, disordered eating). Exercise that uses mindfulness to draw attention to the body's function and sensations rather than appearance may be one way to minimize self-objectification and improve associated outcomes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore how state mindfulness during exercise may associate with change in self-objectification, body image variables, and reasons for exercise.DesignThis study prospectively followed participants (N = 148, 80% female) from six yoga classes that met 2–3 times a week across an 8-week period.MethodRepeated measures MANOVAs were used to examine change over time in state mindfulness, self-objectification, physical self-concept, and reasons for exercise. Regression analysis was used to examine how state mindfulness predicted change in outcome variables.ResultsMANOVAs revealed significant decreases in self-objectification and increases in physical self-concept, health/fitness-related reasons for exercise, and state mindfulness. Further, results indicated that mindfulness during exercise was linked with decreases in self-objectification and increases in more internal reasons for exercise over time.ConclusionsState mindfulness plays a role in predicting change in self-objectification and reasons for exercise during yoga practice.