Which Executive Functioning Deficits Are Associated With AD/HD,ODD/CD and Comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD?

This study investigated (1) whether attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is associated with executive functioning (EF) deficits while controlling for oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD), (2) whether ODD/CD is associated with EF deficits while controlling for AD/HD, and (3)~whether a combination of AD/HD and ODD/CD is associated with EF deficits (and the possibility that there is no association between EF deficits and AD/HD or ODD/CD in isolation). Subjects were 99~children ages 6–12 years. Three putative domains of EF were investigated using well-validated tests: verbal fluency, working memory, and planning. Independent of ODD/CD, AD/HD was associated with deficits in planning and working memory, but not in verbal fluency. Only teacher rated AD/HD, but not parent rated AD/HD, significantly contributed to the prediction of EF task performance. No EF deficits were associated with ODD/CD. The presence of comorbid AD/HD accounts for the EF deficits in children with comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD. These results suggest that EF deficits are unique to AD/HD and support the model proposed by R. A. Barkley (1997).     

Psychometric Evaluation of 5- and 7-Year-Old Children's Self-Reports of Conduct Problems

Past research suggests that young children are incapable of reporting information about their own behavior problems. To test this, we examined the validity and the usefulness of children's self-reports in the E-Risk Study, a nationally representative birth cohort of 2,232 children. We used the Berkeley Puppet Interview to obtain children's self-reports of conduct problems when they were 5-years old and the Dominic-R when they were 7-years old. We also collected information about the children and their families by interviewing mothers, sending questionnaires to teachers, and rating examiners' observations during home visits. Results indicate that when children's self-reports are gathered with structured and developmentally appropriate instruments, they are shown to be valid measures: conduct problems reported by the children themselves were associated with known correlates including individual characteristics (e.g., IQ), related behaviors (e.g., hyperactivity), and family variables (e.g., economic disadvantages). Observed correlations closely matched effect sizes reported in the literature using adults' reports of children's behavioral problems. In addition, children's self-reports can be useful: both measures distinguished children meeting DSM-IV criteria for research diagnoses of conduct disorder. Children's reports also contributed unique information not provided by adults. For research and clinical purposes, young children's self-reports can be viewed as a valuable complement to adults' ratings and observational measures of children's behavior problems.     

寻求儒家思想形而上的价值依据--《易传》儒道结合的政治思想

本文对<易传>之成书及学派归属问题得出自己的结论后,从人类社会演进图式与"三材之道"、<易传>与理想人格塑造、<易传>与主体价值的实现三个层面对<易传>儒道结合的政治思想特征做了深入剖析,指出<易传>思想是以儒家思想为基本价值观,在吸收和借鉴道家思想及阴阳家思想的基础上,把它们与儒家思想结合起来,为儒家思想注入了新的思想内容,在更高层次上建构了儒家的天道观和人道观,从而达到为儒家思想寻求形而上价值依据的目的.     

青少年的人格特征与互联网信息服务使用的关系

互联网上的信息服务为青少年的个性化学习提供了可能,如何使青少年健康地进行网上冲浪,使他们在冲浪的过程中增强自律意识,就需要我们深入地了解互联网信息服务在哪些方面能够满足青少年的需要。该研究通过对339名中学生进行问卷调查,对青少年的人格特征、社会支持与互联网信息服务之间的关系进行了探讨,结果表明:(1)开放性、客观社会支持和对社会支持的利用对互联网信息服务的使用偏好有直接而显著的影响。(2)宜人性和外向性通过社会支持的三个方面间接地对互联网信息服务的使用偏好产生影响。(3)客观社会支持会影响主观社会支持,主观社会支持对社会支持的利用水平也有影响。     

Relationships of Functional Flexibility with Individual and Work Factors

To investigate how functional flexibility is related to demographics, personality traits, and work perceptions, 250 employees of a large Dutch passenger transport firm filled out a written questionnaire. Two dimensions of functional flexibility were discerned: willingness and ability to be flexible. Analysis of variance showed the support staff and managers were higher on willingness and ability to be flexible than workers. Hierarchic regression analysis showed that willingness to be flexible was positively related to initiative and trust in management, and was negatively related to age and task formalization. Ability to be flexible was positively related to general self-efficacy and initiative, and was negatively related to task formalization. It was concluded that willingness to be flexible depends on fair treatment and freedom provided by their organization and that ability to be flexible is part of the development of general self-efficacy.     

Measuring Change in OCD: Sensitivity of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised

This study examined the sensitivity to change and specificity of response of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), an 18-item self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) severity. Seventy-seven OCD patients received cognitive-behavioral therapy incorporating exposure and response prevention (ERP). Change from pre- to posttest on the OCI-R was compared to changes as assessed by the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and other measures of OCD and related symptoms. Results suggest the OCI-R is sensitive to treatment effects and that pre- to posttest change on this instrument reflects improvement in OCD and related symptoms of depression, anxiety, and global functioning. The OCI-R was not sensitive to improvement in patients’ insight into the senselessness of their OCD symptoms. The OCI-R appears suitable for use in clinical settings and naturalistic outcome studies where time and resources do not permit administration of lengthy symptom interviews.     

以人格教育为切入点实施发展性辅导的实验研究

基于对学校心理辅导和人格教育研究现状的考察,根据高中生心理发展的特点,本研究提出了以人格教育为切入点在高中实施发展性辅导的研究构思。本研究采用教育实验的方法,选取浙江义乌市某中学高一年级54名学生为研究对象,以“人格理论辅导——健全人格核心特质训练——自我教育”为实验干预的主要操作模式,进行了为期两年的实证研究,研究获得了以下结果：1、健全人格教育对高中生提高心理健康水平、提升自我概念都有一定的促进作用;2、构建的“人格辅导理论课 核心特质训练 自我教育”的发展性辅导模式是有效的;3、高中生接受人格理论的学习,不仅是其自身心理发展的需要,而且是切实可行的。     

Unwanted memories of assault: what intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD?

Intrusive memories are common in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events, but neither their presence or frequency are good predictors of the persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Two studies of assault survivors, a cross-sectional study (N=81) and a 6-month prospective longitudinal study (N=73), explored whether characteristics of the intrusive memories improve the prediction. Intrusion characteristics were assessed with an Intrusion Interview and an Intrusion Provocation Task. The distress caused by the intrusions, their "here and now" quality, and their lack of a context predicted PTSD severity. The presence of intrusive memories only explained 9% of the variance of PTSD severity at 6 months after assault. Among survivors with intrusions, intrusion frequency only explained 8% of the variance of PTSD symptom severity at 6 months. Nowness, distress and lack of context explained an additional 43% of the variance. These intrusion characteristics also predicted PTSD severity at 6 months over and above what could be predicted from PTSD diagnostic status at initial assessment. Further predictors of PTSD severity were rumination about the intrusive memories, and the ease and persistence with which intrusive memories could be triggered by photographs depicting assaults. The results have implications for the early identification of trauma survivors at risk of chronic PTSD.     

The structural relationships among generalized anxiety, obsessions-compulsions, and depression at the syndrome and sub-syndrome level

This study explored anxiety's relationship to depression by assessing a group of 592 undergraduate psychology students at Washington State University. Multiple measures of generalized anxiety (GA), obsessions–compulsions (O–C), and depression were used to conduct several confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). A three-factor model of GA, O–C, and depression was found superior in fit to a one-factor “negative-affect” model, a two-factor model of anxiety and depression, and a second-order three-factor model. Further CFAs divided GA, O–C, and depression into six independent symptom category factors utilizing instrument subscales (e.g., worry, somatic anxiety, obsessions, compulsions, cognitive depression, and somatic depression). The fit for this model was superior to three alternative measurement models. The correlations among the six symptom category constructs revealed differential patterns among the cognitive and somatic symptoms.