Addiction as a functional representation

This study examined how perceptions of the addicted state vary as a function of social conditions, personal circumstances and type of substance. University students (n = 144) were presented with portrayals of drug users in which sex, drug type and social setting were varied. A questionnaire determined the degree to which participants thought that the person portrayed was (i) addicted, (ii) prone to use drugs due to his/her personality, and (iii) perceived as a problem to society. The pattern of results fitted a functional model of the addiction concept rather than an attempt to describe an ‘objective’ state. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应急药物储备及其优化的伦理研究

应急药物在应对突发公共卫生事件中起到保障人类健康和维护国际安全的作用,然而当前的应急药物储备策略在实践中面临着资源分配不公、社会公正性有待提升及储备灵活性亟待增强等伦理问题,以伦理学视角为基础,对应急药物储备的优化路径进行探索,提出应急药物储备的优化应建立在公平公正、优先性及公益性等伦理原则基础上,逐步完善应急药物储备公正价值观、加强药品供应链资源的合理配置、健全应急医疗药物储备的制度体系等政策措施,以期为应急医疗药物储备管理模式的发展提供参考和借鉴。

     

从"反应停"到透皮治疗系统--新药研发思路的转变

通过对“反应停”与透皮治疗系统研发过程的回顾与研发思路的比较,探讨新药研发思路的转变对于药物安全的重要性。     

关注老年癌症止痛

虽然肿瘤的发病率在老年人并不低,但社会对老年人的关注度并不高。几乎所有肿瘤药物临床试验都把老年人排除在外,因此,不少药品说明书特别注明“缺乏老年人资料”。老年癌痛治疗领域也存在同样的问题。老年癌痛的病理生理及心理特点很独特,加之对老年癌病重视不够及缺乏正确评价,所以老年癌痛的研究相当复杂,因而癌痛的处理犹如癌症一样也需要综合治疗。癌痛治疗药物可分成两大类：非阿片类及阿片类药物。非阿片类药物中首选对乙酰氨基酚治疗轻度癌痛,非甾体类抗炎药,特别是选择性COX2抑制剂可在对乙酰氨基酚无效时应用。阿片类药物则广泛应用于中度到重度的癌痛治疗。辅助治疗药物包括三环抗抑郁药、抗惊厥药、苯二氮蕈类药物等。可用于癌痛三阶梯治疗的任一阶段,能够治疗特殊类型疼痛,改善癌痛以外的症状,增加主要药物镇痛效果,减轻副作用,但不推荐常规使用。总而言之,对于老年癌症患者更要强调以镇痛为主的姑息治疗,特别在重症老年患者,可能成为最重要的治疗,有时甚至是唯一有效妁治疗。     

Rate dependency, behavioral mechanisms, and behavioral pharmacology.

Behavioral pharmacology has become increasingly independent of the experimental analysis of behavior. At its beginning, behavioral pharmacology was closely related to the experimental analysis of behavior, with developments in each field aiding the other. Early attempts to systematize data in behavioral pharmacology culminated with the development of the rate-dependency concept, but as this principle was found to have more limited generality than originally was hoped, a theoretical void developed. This circumstance was followed by increased reliance on pharmacological theory as a basis for experimentation and interpretation, with an attendant decrease in emphasis on environmental variables and behavioral interpretations. Lack of interplay between behavioral pharmacology and the experimental analysis of behavior is detrimental to both disciplines because each could contribute significantly to the other. The current trend might be reversed if more research were directed at elucidating behavioral mechanisms of drug action.     

老年人行结肠镜检查相关问题探讨

结肠镜检查是一项广泛用于临床的直观有效的诊断结肠疾病的方法。对于整体机能减退的老年人来说,我们可从结肠镜前准备工作中的三个方面:肠道准备用药的比较选择、基础合并症的处理以及医患交流和心理护理提高老年患者对结肠镜的耐受性。     

妊娠期甲亢诊疗决策

由于甲亢的一些症状和体征类似于正常妊娠中发生的正常生理变化,且孕期甲亢及其治疗对妊娠结果和胎儿可能的不良影响,所以给孕期甲亢的诊疗带来困难。孕期甲亢患者应尽快接受抗甲状腺药物（antithyroid drugs,ATD）的治疗并应经常接受胎儿和孕妇甲亢及甲减征象的监测。孕妇和围产期的并发症发生率直接与母亲甲亢的控制有关...     

How research in behavioral pharmacology informs behavioral science

Behavioral pharmacology is a maturing science that has made significant contributions to the study of drug effects on behavior, especially in the domain of drug-behavior interactions. Less appreciated is that research in behavioral pharmacology can have, and has had, implications for the experimental analysis of behavior, especially its conceptualizations and theory. In this article, I outline three general strategies in behavioral pharmacology research that have been employed to increase understanding of behavioral processes. Examples are provided of the general characteristics of the strategies and of implications of previous research for behavior theory. Behavior analysis will advance as its theories are challenged.     

心理戒毒实验研究

1问题以往对毒品依赖者的临床治疗,偏重于躯体依赖的药物戒治,实践表明,克服戒断反应并不困难。然而,戒断反应消除了,毒瘾却并没戒除,表现是：复吸率非常高──达98％。如此之高的复吸率引起我们的注意：反复吸毒到底是一个生理问题还是一个心理问题？吸毒者在反复吸毒过程中追求的是什么？由此,导向另一个更深层次的问题：“戒毒要戒掉什么？”我们就此问题进行了调查,调查对象包括广州、探圳等戒毒所收治的150名吸毒者。结果显示：（1）开始吸毒时有非常强烈的情绪体验,这种情绪体验的强烈程度和愉快程度远远超过性交的体验。随…     

Punishment of responding under schedules of stimulus-shock termination: effects of d-amphetamine and pentobarbital.

Responding maintained in squirrel monkeys under 5-min fixes-interval schedules of either food presentation or termination of a visual stimulus associated with electric-shock delivery was suppressed by presenting an electric shock for every thirtieth response (punishment). In monkeys responding under the schedule of food presentation, d-amphetamine sulfate only further decreased punished responding, and pentobarbital sodium markedly increased punished responding, as expected from previous reports. In monkeys responding under the schedule of stimulus-shock termination, however, the effects of the two drugs were opposite: d-amphetamine markedly increased punished responding, whereas pentobarbital only decreased responding. Thus, the effects of these drugs on punished responding were different depending on the type of event maintaining responding. These and previous results indicate that it may be misleading and inaccurate to speak of the effects of drugs on "punished responding" as though punishment were a unitary phenomenon. As with any behavior, the effects of drugs and other interventions on punished responding cannot be accurately characterized independently of the precise conditions under which the behavior occurs.