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851.
This paper compares perceptions of problems for women and men in the fields of science, math, and engineering among undergraduate
engineering students surveyed at a mid-Atlantic American university over a period of 5 years. Gender differences in these
perceptions are analyzed, as are changes in these perceptions over the course of the undergraduate years. Undergraduate exposure
to female role models in these fields has little impact on these perceptions, but exposure to professional engineering experiences
reduces the seriousness with which some problems are perceived, especially by women. While perceived problems do not seem
to be related to engineering self-confidence, they are related to men’s satisfaction with engineering, and to women’s intentions
to persist in the engineering field after graduation. 相似文献
852.
The current study investigated gender differences in the personal hero choices, hero attributions, and characteristics attributed
to “typical” male and female heroes of children living in the Midwestern United States (N = 103; mean age = 10 years). Questionnaires were completed in a school setting. The majority of girls chose heroes personally
known to them; boys chose personal and public figures equally often. Most boys chose same gender heroes; girls’ nominations
were mixed. Gender differences were also seen in the characteristics children attributed to their own heroes and in their
conceptions of “typical” male and female heroes. Children rated same-gender “typical” heroes more positively on many attributes,
except for stereotypically masculine characteristics. Gender socialization, stereotypes, and in-group favoritism were used
to explain these findings.
Portions of this project were presented at the 2003 Society for Research on Child Development Biennial Meeting. We wish to
thank Anna V. Persson and Sara E. Goldstein for their assistance on the early development of this study. We also appreciate
the children, teachers, guidance counselors and principals at Leipsic Local School and Pandora-Gilboa Elementary School for
making this study possible. Inquiries about this study should be addressed to Shayla Holub, . 相似文献
853.
Across two studies, we employed unique approaches to investigating the meaning of the label feminist using a sample of undergraduates
from a large Northeastern university in the U.S. In Study 1 (N = 60), we utilized an impression formation paradigm to investigate the meaning of the label feminist when applied to typical
college student. The results revealed that feminist males were rated less favorably than nonfeminist males and feminist females
were rated more favorably than nonfeminist females. In Study 2 (N = 112), we examined the context-free associations that people have with the label feminist using two implicit attitude measures.
Females reported positive implicit associations with the label feminist while males expressed neutral to slightly negative
implicit associations with feminists. 相似文献
854.
In order to contribute to a growing international research programme concerned with the correlations, antecedents and consequences of individual differences in attitude toward religion, the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity was translated into Slovenian. Data provided by a sample of 808 undergraduate students affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church supported the internal consistency reliability and construct validity of this instrument and commended it for further use in studies conducted in Slovenia. 相似文献
855.
Dr. SUE OUTRAM VIBEKE HANSEN GAIL MACDONELL JILL DEIDRE COCKBURN JON ADAMS 《Australian psychologist》2009,44(2):128-135
Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans is well documented, less so the long‐term impact on the health of their partners and families. The perceived health and wellbeing of women partners of Australian Vietnam veterans who were members of partners of veterans support groups is reported. This qualitative study used data from 76 participants in 10 focus groups in metropolitan, regional, and rural and remote areas of New South Wales (NSW). The data were tape‐recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed using constant comparison methods. The impact of living with a partner with war‐related PTSD appears to be significant and ongoing with women drawing parallels to living in a war zone. The biggest negative impact was on their mental health. They felt burdened as carers and struggled to find explanations for their husbands' problems. Support groups were very helpful. There are implications for partners of veterans who have returned from active military duty and from peacekeeping in current conflicts. 相似文献
856.
Barack Obama, the first Black-American president, has been widely heralded as a role model for Black-Americans because he inspires hope. The current study was conducted to assess whether, beyond simply inspiring hope, this “Obama Effect” has a concrete positive influence on Black-Americans’ academic performance. Over a three-month period we administered a verbal exam to four separate groups of Black- and White-American participants at four predetermined times. When Obama’s stereotype-defying accomplishments garnered national attention - just after his convention speech, and election to the presidency - they had a profound beneficial effect on Black-Americans’ exam performance, such that the negative effects of stereotype threat were dramatically reduced. This effect occurred even when concerns about racial stereotypes continued to exist. The fact that we found performance effects with a random sample of American participants, far removed from any direct contact with Obama, attests to the powerful impact of ingroup role models. 相似文献
857.
Three experiments indicate that affective cues regulate expression of implicitly measured stereotypes and attitudes. In Experiment 1, negative mood led to less stereotypic bias on the weapon-identification task [Payne, B. K. (2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlled processes in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 181-192] than positive mood. In Experiment 2, negative mood led to less implicitly measured racial prejudice than positive mood. In Experiment 3, negative, relative to positive, mood decreased women’s implicitly measured preference for the arts over math. Process-dissociation analyses suggested that affect regulated automatic attitude and stereotype activation rather than controlled influences on attitude expression. The results show that mood can shape even rudimentary forms of cognition. 相似文献
858.
Objectives The aim of the study was to compare the eating attitudes and behaviors, including weight concerns and dieting behavior, among
three religious subgroups (Moslems, Druze, and Christians) and three age subgroups (12–13, 14–15, and 16–18 years old) of
Israeli-Arab adolescent females. Methods The sample consisted of 1141 Israeli-Arab adolescent females, including 926 (81.2%) Moslem, 128 (11.2%) Christian, and 87
(7.6%) Druze schoolgirls in the seventh to twelfth grades. Participants were assessed using the EAT–26 questionnaire. Results The results showed that 75% of the students had a negative EAT-26 score (>20) and that 25% of the students had a positive
EAT-26 score (<20). No significant differences were found in total scores, subscale scores, or scores above 20 between the
age subgroups or the religious subgroups. The results demonstrated a high prevalence of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors
among Israeli-Arab adolescent schoolgirls. Discussion Higher prevalence of disturbed eating attitudes found among Israeli-Arab schoolgirls as compared to their Jewish counterparts.
Although our sample is a communal based, there still remains an open question as to why the desired “slenderness culture”
evident in the results is not reflected in the number of ED clinic referrals, among clinical population. These discrepancies
were discussed in light of ethnicity-specific factors that may influence the perceived severity of eating disorders and the
receptiveness of primary practitioners to address them. 相似文献
859.
Although common knowledge seems to agree that authoritarianism is ‘bad to the self’, previous studies yielded inconclusive results with respect to the relationship between authoritarianism and mental distress. The present research explores whether the impact of facilitators of mental distress on actual mental distress depends on the level of authoritarianism. Study 1 includes a sample of 132 adults and demonstrated less negative consequences of D‐type personality on depression for individuals with high rather than low levels of authoritarianism. Study 2 conducted in a sample of 109 elderly revealed that the effects of negative stressful life events on mental distress were curbed by higher levels of authoritarianism. It is concluded that while previous studies have amply shown that authoritarianism has adverse consequences for other people, these negative effects do not appear to be particularly present for the self. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
860.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between three perceived parental attitudes and shyness, testing self-esteem
and fear of negative evaluation as mediators. The study used a total of 492 undergraduate students in Turkey. Data was collected
through measures of shyness, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and perceived parental attitudes. The proposed model
was estimated using path analysis. Goodness of fit statistics showed that the model fit the data well. Results indicated that
parental acceptance/involvement predicted self-esteem; perceived parental strictness/supervision predicted fear of negative
evaluation; and perceived parental psychological autonomy predicted self-esteem. Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship
between parental acceptance/involvement and shyness, whereas it fully mediated the relationship between parental psychological
autonomy and shyness. Fear of negative evaluation fully mediated the relationship between parental strictness/supervision
and shyness. In addition, the relationship between self-esteem and shyness was partially mediated by fear of negative evaluation.
The findings provided evidence for the propositions that parental attitudes are important in the development of self-image
and fears of rejection which result in the experience of shyness. 相似文献