排序方式: 共有69条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Disociaciones entre pruebas implícitas y explícitas de memoria: significado e implicaciones teóricas
José MarÍa Ruiz-Vargas 《Estudios de Psicología》2013,34(49):71-106
ResumenLas disociaciones entre pruebas implícitas y explícitas de memoria se han convertido últimamente en el fenómeno más rico e ilustrativo teóricamente de que la memoria se manifiesta tanto de una forma directa o explícita como de una forma indirecta o implícita. La distinción entre memoria implícita y explícita ha proporcionado un marco teórico y de trabajo extremadamente fructífero para aumentar nuestro conocimiento sobre la naturaleza y arquitectura de la memoria. En este trabajo se presenta una amplia revisión de las disociaciones entre pruebas implícitas y explícitas de memoria, las múltiples variables que las producen, las distintas poblaciones susceptibles de generarlas y las explicaciones más relevantes sobre su significado. De entre estas explicaciones destacan: 1) la que considera que las disociaciones son el resultado de diferentes procesos y 2) la que entiende que reflejan diferentes sistemas de memoria. Entre los proponentes de ambas explicaciones se ha desarrollado un debate que ha llevado a una nueva concepción de la naturaleza y arquitectura del sistema de memoria que da fundamento a los efectos de priming. 相似文献
22.
Patricia J. Bauer Marina Larkina Evren Güler Melissa Burch 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(9):1175-1193
ABSTRACTWe examined recall of events by children 4–11 years to inform patterns of retention of autobiographical memories as well as factors that predict their survival. 101 children participated in a 4-year prospective study. At study inception, children were 4, 6, and 8 years. They were tested annually for three more years for a total of four waves of data collection. At each wave, we obtained narrative reports of recent (all waves) and distant (Waves 2–4) events, resulting in virtually continuous sampling of memories formed by 4- to 11-year-olds and recalled after 1–3-year delays. We also measured children's language, and domain-general and memory-specific cognitive skills. Multi-level modelling revealed age-related increases in the likelihood of survival of memories over the delays. Critically, the rate of increase in retention of individual memories was the same across the cohorts. In addition to age, thematic coherence of original memory reports predicted memory survivability. Other factors were not predictive. The dense sampling and prospective tracking of memories across the 4–11-year age period permitted an especially strong test for continuity versus discontinuity in autobiographical memory across the second half of the first decade of life. The data are strongly indicative of continuity and gradual change. 相似文献
23.
24.
The purpose of the present study was to address the effects of urban vs. rural upbringing on earliest autobiographical memories. We asked children (aged 10–13) brought up in an urban vs. in a rural setting to report their earliest memories. Earliest memories of children from rural areas were a year later than those of children from urban areas. Moreover, memories of children from rural areas were more likely to contain social interactions and tended to be less detailed compared to those from urban areas. The groups, however, were not different in specificity, autonomous orientation, or emotion. Results are discussed in the context of a social cultural developmental approach. 相似文献
25.
Richard A. Chechile 《Journal of mathematical psychology》2010,54(1):150-166
Multinomial processing tree models can provide for measures of underlying cognitive processes. In this paper, the Chechile [Chechile, R. A. (2004). New multinomial models for the Chechile-Meyer task. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 48, 364-384] 6P model is described and applied to several applications involving clinical populations. The model provides for separate measures of storage and retrieval. Monte Carlo studies were conducted to examine the relative accuracy of two methods for obtaining an overall condition estimate for the 6P model, i.e., averaging estimates found for individuals versus pooling the multinomial frequency data before estimating the model parameters. The sampling studies showed that the pooling of frequencies resulted in more accurate parameter estimates. However, psychological assessment in clinical psychology requires precise measurement on an individual basis. In order to recover information about individuals from pooled frequency information, a modified jackknife method was advanced. The jackknife method is based on a contrast between the overall pooled frequency information and the pool frequency without the observations from a single individual. Another series of Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the new jackknife method resulted in better recovery of the correct individual parameter values relative to estimates based on only the data from the individual. Finally, the 6P model was used to examine the data from two previously reported studies with clinical populations. One application addressed the effect of alcohol-induced amnesia, and the other application dealt with Korsakoff amnesia. In both cases the pattern of storage and retrieval measurements resulted in a clarification of the underlying storage and retrieval differences between the clinical group and the control group. 相似文献
26.
ABSTRACTMany parents have experienced incidents in which their preschool child spontaneously (i.e., without prompting of any kind) recall a previously experienced event. Until recently, such spontaneous memories had only been examined in non-controlled settings (e.g., diary studies). Using a novel experimental paradigm, a previous study has shown that when young children are brought back to a highly distinct setting (same room, same experimenter, same furnishing), in which they previously experienced an interesting event (a Teddy or a Game event), spontaneous memories can be triggered. However, exactly which cues (or combination of cues) are effective for the children’s memory, remains unknown. Here, we used this novel paradigm to examine the possible impact of contextual cues at the time of retrieval. We manipulated whether the 35-month-old children returned to the same room (n?=?40) or to a different, but similarly furnished, room (n?=?40) after one week. The results revealed that although the children returning to a new room produced fewer spontaneous memories than the children returning to the same room, the difference was not significant. Interestingly, despite changing rooms, the children still produced spontaneous memories. Taken together the results may shed new light on the mechanisms underlying childhood amnesia. 相似文献
27.
When autobiographical memory begins 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The authors review competing theories concerning the emergence and early development of autobiographical memory. It is argued that the differences between these accounts, although important, may be more apparent than real. The crux of these disagreements lies not in what processes are important, but rather, the role these different processes play in the emergence of autobiographical memory and the temporal primacy of these controlling variables. These differences are explored theoretically and then extant as well as new data are brought to bear on these issues. What emerges is a new, more inclusive, multifactorial framework that integrates the controlling variables from diverse perspectives providing a more complete account of the beginnings of autobiographical memory. 相似文献
28.
29.
Stephen E. Robbins 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2009,8(1):33-66
Within Piaget there is an implicit theory of the development of explicit memory. It rests in the dynamical trajectory underlying
the development of causality, object, space and time – a complex (COST) supporting a symbolic relationship integral to the
explicit. Cassirer noted the same dependency in the phenomena of aphasias, insisting that a symbolic function is being undermined
in these deficits. This is particularly critical given the reassessment of Piaget’s stages as the natural bifurcations of
a self-organizing dynamic system. The elements of a theoretical framework required to support explicit memory are developed,
to include, (1) the complex developmental trajectory supporting the emergence of the explicit in Piaget, (2) the concrete
dynamical system and the concept of a non-differentiable time contained in Bergson’s theory required to support a conscious,
as opposed to an implicit remembrance, (3) the relation to current theories of amnesia, difficulties posed by certain retrograde
amnesic phenomena, the role of the hippocampus and limitations of connectionist models, (4) the fact that nowhere in this
overall framework does the loss of explicit memory imply or require the destruction of experience “stored in the brain.” 相似文献
30.
Egeland J Landrø NI Sundet K Asbjørnsen A Lund A Roness A Rund BR 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2005,46(2):201-208
Studies of localized brain dysfunctions have revealed connections between patterns of cognitive dysfunction and specific profiles of memory impairment. The amnesic type of memory impairment is defined by deficits in both free recall and recognition memory, whereas the dysexecutive memory impairment is characterized by retrieval deficits, i.e. a disproportional impairment in free recall relative to recognition memory. The present study tests whether classifications of psychiatric patients into recall impaired only (= RO group) and Recall and Recognition impaired (= RR group) correspond to the executive type and amnesic type of memory impairment. The alternative hypothesis is that the two groups merely differ in degree of neuropsychological and psychiatric disturbance. Forty-four subjects impaired on California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) were selected from a larger database of 103 impaired and non-impaired subjects with schizophrenia or recurrent major depression. Subjects were classified into RO and RR groups and compared on measures of memory strategy (recency effect and interference on CVLT), overall neuropsychological function (Stroop Test and WAIS-R similarity) and psychiatric symptom load (positive and negative symptoms). Repeated measures ANOVA showed no effects of group, i.e. the RR group did not perform consistently below the RO group with regard to memory strategy, neuropsychological function or psychiatric symptom load. Two out of three analyses showed group x test interaction, supporting the dissociation of distinct executive and amnesic profiles among psychiatric patients. The RO group was more susceptible to interference but had better recency score than the RR group. The RO had higher negative symptoms while the RR group had higher positive symptoms. 相似文献