文章标记效应的初步实验研究

探讨文章阅读过程中文章宏观标记与微观标记对文章不同类型信息保持的影响．包括两个实验。结果表明,文章宏观标记对文章主题信息的保持有显著的促进效应,而且,这种促进效应可以扩散到从属信息的保持上;文章微观标记对文章主题信息的保持无明显的促进效应,对被标记的文章具体信息的保持则有显著的促进效应。但不存在扩散效应。本研究结果初步表明,读者利用文章宏观标记建构文章主题的表征,并且以一种自上而下的方式指导文章信息的回忆;通过利用文章微观标记建构文章具体信息的表征,指导具体信息的回忆。     

Concurrent Validity Studies of the Facial Discrimination Task

We examined the concurrent validity properties of the Facial Discrimination Task (FDT), an instrument for the assessment of facial emotion recognition by comparing it with the widely used Pictures of Facial Affect (PFA). In Study 1, 100 adults with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses were administered items of the FDT Emotion Task, the FDT Age Task, and PFA. In Study 2, 25 normally developing preschool children were instructed to label happy, sad, or neutral facial expressions from the FDT and the PFA. Despite methodological differences between the two studies, very similar and high correlations were found between the FDT and the PFA overall correct scores (r = .79 and r = .77, respectively). The data suggest that the FDT and the PFA measure similar competencies in preschoolers and in adults with psychiatric disorders. This finding is important because it establishes the concurrent validity of the FDT in child and adult populations.     

Antecedents and Consequences of Real-Time Affective Reactions at Work

Based partly on Weiss and Cropanzano's (H. M. Weiss & R. Cropanzano, 1996) Affective Events Theory, hypotheses were stated about likely antecedents and consequences of positive and negative real-time affective reactions at work. Somewhat different antecedents and consequences were predicted for positive as opposed to negative affective reactions. Affective reactions were operationalized as the average of up to 50 reports of momentary positive and negative feelings collected at work over a 2-week period. Structural equation analyses suggest that the data are consistent with the theoretical model proposed. As expected, job characteristics and positive dispositional affectivity predict positive affective reactions, role conflict and negative affectivity predict negative affective reactions, positive affective reactions predict affective commitment and helping behavior, and intention to leave is predicted by attitudes rather than by affective reactions. The results are consistent with Affective Events Theory as well as with 2-domain models that propose different causes and consequences of positive versus negative affect.     

FOK研究中一种新的标准测验——过度重复学习

提出FOK研究中一种新的标准测验形式——过度重复学习,并验证过度重复学习作为FOK研究的标准测验的可行性;另外还比较了作为标准测验,过度重复学习与再认的差别。同时,还探索了FOK判断中存在的两种错误类型——替代性错误和忽略性错误在FOK判断等级和标准测验成绩方面的差异。两个实验结果表明：FOK判断在预期随后的标准测验(过度重复学习和再认)成绩上是有准确性的;过度重复学习可以作为一种标准测验。实验结果还显示：替代性错误比忽略性错误的FOK判断等级要高;且无论是用再认还是用过度重复学习做标准测验,都能检验出两种错误类型项目在记忆激活强度上的差异。     

Sources of Bias in Memory for Emotions

How accurately can people remember how they felt in the past? Although some investigators hold that emotional memories are resistant to change, we review evidence that current emotions, appraisals, and coping efforts, as well as personality traits, are all associated with bias in recalling past emotions. Bias occurs as memories of emotional states are updated in light of subsequent experience and goals. Biased memories in turn influence future plans and emotions, and may contribute to the formation of enduring personality traits. People's memories for emotions provide highly condensed and accessible summaries of the relevance of past experiences to current goals.     

Regret in Decision Making

Decision research has only recently started to take seriously the role of emotions in choices and decisions. Regret is the emotion that has received the most attention. In this article, we sample a number of the initial regret studies from psychology and economics, and trace some of the complexities and contradictions to which they led. We then sketch a new theory, decision justification theory (DJT), which synthesizes several apparently conflicting findings. DJT postulates two core components of decision–related regret, one associated with the (comparative) evaluation of the outcome, the other with the feeling of self–blame for having made a poor choice. We reinterpret several existing studies in DJT terms. We then report some new studies that directly tested (and support) DJT, and propose a number of research issues that follow from this new approach to regret.     

高中生不良情绪状态的特点研究

采用问卷法对北京、新疆、重庆、浙江、河南共6015名高中生的不良情绪状态进行了研究.结果表明,高中生的焦虑、抑郁、孤独、敌对、恐惧等五种不良情绪的状态均处于中等程度,随着年龄的增长,高中生不良情绪的这五个方面表现出较为一致的变化特点:随着年龄的增长,其不良情绪的状态呈缓慢上升的变化趋势,高二学生的抑郁、孤独、敌对、恐惧等不良情绪状态显著高于高一学生;高三学生的五种不良情绪状态均略高于高二学生,但是未达显著性水平,高中阶段的五种不良情绪未出现显著的性别差异.     

幼儿的情绪认知发展及其与社会行为发展的关系研究

研究通过采用家庭情绪表露问卷、表情辨识程序和幼儿社会行为教师评估问卷,对82名3～4岁幼儿的家庭情绪表露气氛、情绪认知和社会行为表现进行测查,并分析三者间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)幼儿的情绪认知与其亲社会行为和退缩行为显著相关;(2)家庭情绪表露与幼儿情绪认知发展显著相关;(3)家庭情绪表露可能通过影响幼儿的情绪认知发展,进而影响幼儿的社会行为表现。     

What Do People Want to Feel and Why?: Pleasure and Utility in Emotion Regulation

ABSTRACT— It is typically assumed that people always want to feel good. Recent evidence, however, demonstrates that people want to feel unpleasant emotions, such as anger or fear, when these emotions promote the attainment of their long-term goals. If emotions are regulated for instrumental reasons, people should want to feel pleasant emotions when immediate benefits outweigh future benefits, but when future benefits outweigh immediate benefits, people may prefer to feel useful emotions, even if they are unpleasant. In this article, I describe an instrumental account of emotion regulation, review empirical evidence relevant to it, and discuss its implications for promoting adaptive emotional experiences.     

3～5岁幼儿错误信念理解能力的发展趋势

基于以往支持心理理论执行功能表达论的研究结果,对标准错误信念任务修正后采用阶段性错误信念任务,运用实验法对101名3~5岁儿童进行研究。结果发现:(1)新任务保留了标准错误信念任务的优势,能勾勒出幼儿错误信念理解能力的发展趋势;(2)3~5岁儿童表现出不同层次和水平的错误信念理解能力;(3)具体分析儿童错误信念的理解能力发展的心理模式,发现每一年龄组具有的错误信念理解能力,都是其更高水平能力发展的基础,支持表达论。