Psychotherapists' efforts to increase awareness of social privilege

Understanding the role of privilege in systemic oppression positions psychotherapists to engage in culturally oriented practice. Twenty-five practising psychotherapists were asked: ‘How can psychotherapists increase their awareness of social privilege?’ Participants sorted 68 unique responses into six concepts. The concepts included: make yourself uncomfortable; embrace humility; learn from the community; involvement in social action; seek critical knowledge; and find like-minded others in the profession. Recommendations for student training are offered.     

建构学生道德自我初探

为对学生的道德自我作一初步探究,借鉴心理学对自我的研究成果,参照了道德心理研究的主题和我国的现实情况,从形式和内容两个维度编制了道德自我问卷。测试结果表明,问卷有较高的信度和效度,但其各部分较高的相关说明其内容尚应进一步研究。     

The global workspace theory,the phenomenal concept strategy,and the distribution of consciousness

Peter Carruthers argues that the global workspace theory implies there are no facts of the matter about animal consciousness. The argument is easily extended to other cognitive theories of consciousness, posing a general problem for consciousness studies. But the argument proves too much, for it also implies that there are no facts of the matter about human consciousness. A key assumption is that scientific theories of consciousness must explain away the explanatory gap. I criticize this assumption and point to an alternative strategy for defending scientific theories of consciousness, one that better reflects the ongoing scientific practice. I argue there are introspectable inferential connections from phenomenal concepts to functional concepts that scientists can use to individuate the global workspace in terms of capacities that animals and humans share.     

The structure of pigeon multiple-class same-different learning

Three experiments examined the structure of the decision framework used by pigeons in learning a multiple-class same-different task. Using a same-different choice task requiring the discrimination of odd-item different displays (one or more of the display's component elements differed) from same displays (all display components identical), pigeons were concurrently trained with sets of four discriminable display types. In each experiment, the consistent group was tested such that the same and different displays of four display types were consistently mapped onto their choice alternatives. The inconsistent group received a conflicting mapping of the same and different displays and the choice alternatives that differed across the four display types but were consistent within a display type. Experiment 1 tested experienced pigeons, and Experiment 2 tested naive pigeons. In both experiments, the consistent group learned their discrimination faster and to a higher level of choice accuracy than did the inconsistent group, which performed poorly in general. Only in the consistent group was the discrimination transferred to novel stimuli, indicative of concept formation in that group. A third experiment documented that the different display classes were discriminable from one another. These results suggest that pigeons attempt to generate a single discriminative rule when learning this type of task, and that this general rule can cover a large variety of stimulus elements and organizations, consistent with previous evidence suggesting that pigeons may be capable of learning relatively unbounded relational same-different concepts.     

不同阶层心理健康观念及需求状况的调查研究

运用开放式和封闭式问卷调查法 ,对不同阶层共 483人的心理健康观念及心理健康需求状况进行了调查研究。结果表明 :( 1 )不同阶层、不同年龄段的人关于心理健康标准的观念具有显著差异。 ( 2 )人们认为 ,心理健康的人应具有的最典型特征是“处世乐观、热情、诚恳”和“心平气和、与世无争、乐于助人”。 ( 3 )心理不健康的人或心理变态的人所表现的最典型特征是“性格孤僻、与人不合群”和“对生活失去信心、悲观”。 ( 4)虽然不少人认为心理健康与咨询工作者当前最急需开展的工作是“宣传心理健康知识、开展心理卫生服务” ,但只有极少的人能够正视自己的心理健康需求 ,提出自己需要心理健康服务或咨询。     

6～14岁儿童对想象物的文字与图画描述

本研究采用开放式问卷法,通过调查810名6-14岁儿童头脑中想象物的文字与图画描述,考察了儿童想象发展的特点。结果发现：(1)儿童对想象物的文字与图画描述可以分划分为3种水平：表象的记忆水平、表象的再造水平和表象创造水平。其中,对想象物的文字描述水平,年龄发展趋势明显,从小学一至二年级之间和四到五年级之间的发展变化最大;而对想象物的图画描述水平,年龄发展趋势不明显。(2)根据儿童对想象物的文字描述和图画描述的发展的匹配程度,可以把儿童的想象发展分为3种类型：文字与图形符号均衡发展型、文字符号型和图形符号型。     

Content externalism and phenomenal character: a new worry about privileged access

Some philosophers argue that the thesis of content externalism, according to which the contents of a subject’s thoughts are in part individuated by environmental factors, threatens the standard idea that a subject can know the contents of her thoughts without empirical investigation. It is typically assumed, however, that this thesis does not threaten another common idea about privileged access: that a subject can know the phenomenal character of her experience–its “what it’s like” aspect–without empirical investigation. That is, even if content externalism is true and does imply that a subject cannot know without empirical investigation the contents of some of her thoughts (e.g., her thoughts about water), surely she can know without empirical investigation what it’s like for her to be having whatever experience she is having. I argue that if content externalism threatens privileged access to content (I do not discuss whether it does), then it also threatens privileged access to phenomenal character. My argument does not involve claiming that phenomenal character is itself externally individuated. Rather, it depends on two other claims: (1) that introspective access to phenomenal character is conceptual; and (2) that standard arguments for content externalism suggest that some phenomenal concepts are externally individuated.     

浅论肝移植医师的理念和思维

随着医学的进步,在新的医疗形势下,肝移植是对器官移植科医师的巨大挑战,在实际临床工作中,应首先树立正确的器官移植医患关系观,不断提高自己的人文修养和职业素养,进一步完善与肝移植相关的新的知识结构,运用正确的哲学理念和逻辑方式来处理与肝移植相关的临床问题。使肝移植患者得到满意的治疗效果。     

中医整体观念对推拿临床的指导意义及其应用举隅

从中医对人体疾病的认识、诊断与治疗三个方面,就中医整体观念对推拿临床的指导意义加以探讨,并举例说明中医整体观念在推拿治疗颈椎病、腰椎间盘突出症、骶骼关节损伤错位所引起的痛经等疾病中的具体运用,旨在引起推拿同仁在推拿临床中对中医整体观念的重视。     

Gender sceptics and feminist politics

Some feminist gender sceptics hold that the conditions for satisfying the concept woman cannot be discerned. This has been taken to suggest that (i) the efforts to fix feminism’s scope are undermined because of confusion about the extension of the term ‘woman’, and (ii) this confusion suggests that feminism cannot be organised around women because it is unclear who satisfies woman. Further, this supposedly threatens the effectiveness of feminist politics: feminist goals are said to become unachievable, if feminist politics lacks a clear subject matter. In this paper, I argue that such serious consequences do not follow from the gender sceptic position. I presented an earlier version of this paper at the ‘Stirling Political Philosophy Group’ meeting and am grateful to those present for their constructive criticisms. I am also grateful to Alan Millar, the anonymous referees for this journal and Jenny Saul (who has read more than one version of this paper!) for their detailed and extremely helpful comments and suggestions.