How to learn the natural numbers: inductive inference and the acquisition of number concepts

Theories of number concepts often suppose that the natural numbers are acquired as children learn to count and as they draw an induction based on their interpretation of the first few count words. In a bold critique of this general approach, Rips, Asmuth, Bloomfield [Rips, L., Asmuth, J. & Bloomfield, A. (2006). Giving the boot to the bootstrap: How not to learn the natural numbers. Cognition, 101, B51-B60.] argue that such an inductive inference is consistent with a representational system that clearly does not express the natural numbers and that possession of the natural numbers requires further principles that make the inductive inference superfluous. We argue that their critique is unsuccessful. Provided that children have access to a suitable initial system of representation, the sort of inductive inference that Rips et al. call into question can in fact facilitate the acquisition of larger integer concepts without the addition of any further principles.     

Facet-like Structures in Computer Science

This paper discusses how facet-like structures occur as a commonplace feature in a variety of computer science disciplines as a means for structuring class hierarchies. The paper then focuses on a mathematical model for facets (and class hierarchies in general), called formal concept analysis, and discusses graphical representations of faceted systems based on this model.

Effects of Computer-Based Fluency Training on Concept Formation

This study provides a preliminary analysis of how the techniques of fluency training can be combined with systematic concept instruction to improve the learning of complex verbal concepts. Fluency techniques, which require the learner to respond accurately at high rates, have typically focused on definition learning when teaching concepts. Instructional psychologists, however, recommend multiple exemplar training for conceptual instruction. To examine this issue, 41 undergraduate students completed a computer-based instructional module on logical fallacies. Participants were assigned to one of four groups, with the modules for each group differing only in the type of practice provided—either fluency or practice with either examples or definitions. Examination of posttest scores revealed significantly higher scores for participants in the examples groups than those in the definitions groups, but low experimental power prevented a clear conclusion to be drawn about differences between the fluency and practice groups. Implications of results and several methodological issues relevant to this area of research are discussed.     

团体认知影响数学概念结构表征的实验研究

概念结构表征一直是认知心理学研究的重要内容。本研究以团体及表征理论为基础,通过设计不同的团体认知条什来研究认知交互作用对概念结构表征的影响。实验结果表明不同的团体认知表现出了不同的认知交互,对概念结构表征也产生了不同的影响。     

论领导干部的道德修养

在当代社会 ,“德治”的作用日益彰显 ,而“德治”的重要内容就包含着领导干部的道德修养、从政道德 ,也就是“官德”。领导干部的道德修养有其深刻的内涵 ,在新的历史时期 ,加强领导干部的道德修养 ,领导干部必须牢固树立正确的权力观、诚信观和家庭观。     

不育症临床治疗中的人文关怀

目前临床对抑郁症的诊断仍普遍存在概念不清的现象,甚至抑郁症的诊断有逐渐被泛化的倾向,本文从抑郁症研究历史的角度,通过对抑郁症的概念及分类历史进行回顾,以期能廓清抑郁症相关的一些概念,从而为进一步统一标准、细化抑郁症的研究提供一些启示。     

亲子依恋、自我概念与大学生自我伤害的关系

以广州市四所高校562名大学生为被试,检验了亲子依恋、自我概念与自我伤害之间关系的三种模型,以讨论其内部关系。结果表明：1）父子依恋和自我概念、母子依恋和自我概念均对自我伤害行为具有保护作用,支持了累加效应模型;2）父子依恋和母子依恋均通过自我概念的部分中介作用对自我伤害产生间接影响,支持了中介效应模型;3）父子依恋和母子依恋对自我伤害的保护作用在低自我概念组中明显,支持了保护因子-保护因子排除假说。     

Children's and adults' understanding of the impact of nutrition on biological and psychological processes

Four studies examined children's and adults' beliefs about the impact of nutrition on growth and mood states. In Studies 1 and 2, 271 participants (preschoolers through adults) judged the impact of healthy and unhealthy nutrition on height and weight. In Studies 3 and 4, 267 participants judged the impact of healthy and unhealthy nutrition on positive and negative mood states. The results suggest that young children demonstrate a co‐existence of an ontologically distinct theory of biology as well as a theory of cross‐domain interaction when reasoning about the impact of food on biological and psychological processes.     

中文新异组合概念的解释及影响因素

通过分析600名中国大学生对32个概念组成的160个新异组合概念的解释,考察了中文名词-名词组合概念的解释策略及影响因素。结果表明：⑴关系解释和属性解释是两种主要的解释策略;⑵第一个子概念具有显著属性的组合概念得到更多的属性解释;⑶子概念之间相似性的高低不影响属性解释出现的比率,但影响关系解释出现的比率;⑷生物组合概念比人造物组合概念得到更多的属性解释。其中的新发现既不支持关系竞争理论,也不支持双重加工理论,引出了有待研究的新问题。