Eye Movements in Strategic Choice

In risky and other multiattribute choices, the process of choosing is well described by random walk or drift diffusion models in which evidence is accumulated over time to threshold. In strategic choices, level‐k and cognitive hierarchy models have been offered as accounts of the choice process, in which people simulate the choice processes of their opponents or partners. We recorded the eye movements in 2 × 2 symmetric games including dominance‐solvable games like prisoner's dilemma and asymmetric coordination games like stag hunt and hawk–dove. The evidence was most consistent with the accumulation of payoff differences over time: we found longer duration choices with more fixations when payoffs differences were more finely balanced, an emerging bias to gaze more at the payoffs for the action ultimately chosen, and that a simple count of transitions between payoffs—whether or not the comparison is strategically informative—was strongly associated with the final choice. The accumulator models do account for these strategic choice process measures, but the level‐k and cognitive hierarchy models do not. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Noninvolvement of testosterone in aggressive defense behavior in the male blind mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi

Blind mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi) are solitary and aggressive subterranean rodents. Aggressive defense behavior in the mole rat functions to deter neighboring competitors from territory, food, and mates and includes seismic and odor signals. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the aggressive defense behavior displayed by male mole rats is testosterone dependent. Five behavioral variables were taken as being representative of such aggressive interaction: exposing teeth, biting, bulldozing movements of the head, soil blocking, and self‐grooming. We monitored male testosterone levels and aggressiveness throughout the annual cycle, which can be divided into three main climatic periods: cold and rainy (September–February); warm, during which the soil is still moist and easily excavated (March–May); and hot (June–August), when the soil is hard and dry. In a second experiment the effect of endogenous and exogenous testosterone on male aggressive defense behavior was determined before and after castration and following testosterone propionate replacement. We found fluctuations in male testosterone concentrations, with three peaks: in November, May, and August, one in each of the three climatic periods. However, these fluctuations did not correlate with male aggressive behavior, which remained constant throughout the year. Furthermore, because neither castration nor testosterone propionate replacement in castrated individuals affected their defense behavior, we suggest that such behavior in male mole rats is testosterone independent. The continuous excavation and maintenance of the mole rat’s underground tunnel system demands high energy expenditure year‐round and constant defense of territory sites and food caches from intraspecific rivals. Thus, although testosterone may fluctuate as a result of seasonal breeding cycles, constant high levels of aggressive defense throughout the year are crucial for the survival of the male mole rat in its solitary subterranean environment. Aggr. Behav. 27:64–72, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Effects of acute administration of nicotine and lobeline on agonistic encounters in male mice

The effects of acute administration of two nicotinic ligands, (‐)‐nicotine and (‐)‐lobeline were examined on isolation‐induced aggression in mice. Individually housed male mice confronted anosmic “standard opponents” in a neutral arena 10 min after drug administration. Encounters were videotaped and evaluated using an ethologically based analysis facilitating estimation of time allocated to 11 broad behavioral categories. Nicotine did not have significant effects on threat or attack but significantly diminished time allocated to digging. The lowest dose of lobeline significantly diminished attack and induced a slight increase of immobility without significantly diminishing other behaviors with motor components. The intermediate and highest dose of lobeline reduced time allocated to all behaviors with motor components. It is concluded that these two nicotinic agonists produce different behavioral profiles during agonistic encounters in mice but that this test may not facilitate assessing the impact of such drugs on irritability. Aggr. Behav. 26:376–385, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Interpolating physical exercise between instigation to aggress and aggression: The role of irritability and emotional susceptibility

Two studies were conducted using the Buss aggression machine paradigm to investigate the mediational role of physical exercise with respect to subsequent aggression in relation to the presence or absence of previous instigation. The irritability level of subjects was taken into account in the first study, and the subject' emotional susceptibility level in the second study. In both studies sex differences were also considered so that each study resulted in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 design with ten subjects in each cell. As far as irritability is concerned, experimental subjects (pedaling on a bicycle ergonometer) delivered higher shocks than controls (who just waited out the 10 min the experimental subjects were pedaling), independent of irritability level or of the presence or absence of previous instigation. When emotional susceptibility was taken into consideration, physical exercise associated with high level of emotional susceptibility and previous instigation resulted in increased intensity of the shocks subsequently delivered. These findings are discussed in terms of the importance of stable personality characteristics that may differentially mediate aggression.     

父亲参与教养对小学生攻击行为的影响:母亲育儿压力的部分中介效应

本研究旨在考察父亲参与教养对小学生攻击行为的影响以及母亲育儿压力在二者之间的中介作用,采用同伴提名法和问卷法对604名1~6年级小学生及其家长进行调查。潜变量结构方程模型拟合检验结果显示：父亲参与教养（互动性、可及性、责任性）对小学生攻击行为（身体攻击、关系攻击）具有显著的负向预测作用;在父亲参与教养与小学生关系攻击之间,母亲的育儿愁苦和亲子互动失调具有显著的部分中介作用;在父亲参与教养与小学生身体攻击之间,只有母亲的育儿愁苦具有显著的部分中介作用。上述结果表明,父亲参与教养可以通过减少母亲的育儿愁苦来降低儿童的关系攻击和身体攻击,还能通过减少母子互动失调来降低儿童的关系攻击。     

Treatment of food selectivity: An evaluation of video modeling of contingencies

Many children with disabilities have feeding problems including, but not limited to, food selectivity and/or food refusal. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of video modeling of contingencies alone and combined with direct exposure to the contingencies in the treatment of food selectivity. Treatment procedures included sequentially introducing videos in which models consumed nonpreferred foods or were exposed to differential reinforcement or differential reinforcement plus escape extinction. In addition, during feeding sessions, participants were exposed to differential reinforcement. Results indicated that video modeling of differential reinforcement plus direct exposure to differential reinforcement may be effective at increasing consumption of some nonpreferred foods, but the results were not replicated across all foods. For one participant, consumption of one food increased with video modeling alone.     

Variability and creativity in small-sided conditioned games among elite soccer players

ObjectiveSmall-sided conditioned games (SSCG) in soccer are games with a small number of players, often played on smaller than regular pitches and with adapted rules. It has been argued that SSCG foster soccer players’ physical, technical and tactical performances and creativity. This study tested the latter conjecture by analysing video-footage of individual actions of elite soccer players in 5 v 5, 6 v 6, 7 v 7 SSCG played during regular training sessions and 11-aside training matches. Based on the ecological dynamics approach, we hypothesized that smaller formats would result in players making more individual actions. We additionally anticipated that the smaller formats players would induce a larger repertoire of actions, that is, an increased variability of actions, and that such increase in variability would be associated with more creative actions. Along the same lines, we reasoned that midfielders would make more creative actions than defenders and attackers.MethodWe categorized 3555 soccer actions on the ball and without the ball of 24 elite soccer players.ResultsPlayers produced more actions in smaller SSCG formats compared to the larger SSCG format and the 11-aside match. They also produced more different actions in SSCG than the 11-aside match. Furthermore, ten creative actions (i.e., actions that were adequate and only made by one or two players) were discerned. The creative actions emerged most often in the smaller SSCG, and were absent in the 11-aside matches. Finally, strikers, defenders and midfielders did not show reliable differences in terms of number, variability and creativity of action.ConclusionSSCG in soccer do indeed stimulate variability and creativity of individual actions. It is important to confirm whether these immediate effects of SSCG generalize across longer time scales.     

短视频顾客灵感的触发机制及其对顾客融入的影响

短视频顾客灵感(SVCI)是顾客灵感概念在短视频情境下的具象化, 是顾客由营销类短视频中获得的从接受营销引导的想法到转变为对消费相关目标的内在追求的激活状态。短视频顾客灵感的前因包括视频因素、主播因素和个人特质因素; 短视频顾客灵感中的观念式启发和行动式启发两个维度的交叉可以产生短视频顾客灵感状态矩阵, 矩阵中四种灵感状态在一定的条件下可以转化; 短视频顾客灵感通过直接贡献(顾客购买)和间接贡献(顾客推荐、顾客影响力和顾客知识)两条途径对顾客融入产生正向影响; 商品类型和消费者-主播关系强度在短视频顾客灵感对顾客融入的作用中起到调节作用; 短视频顾客灵感有助于揭示短视频营销中顾客灵感的触发机制及其对顾客融入的影响, 可以帮助消费类短视频主播和短视频平台产生更高效的营销内容和策略, 同时可以帮助消费者提升短视频购物的消费体验。     

累积生态风险对农村初中生攻击行为的影响：有调节的中介模型

本研究旨在探讨累积生态风险与农村初中生攻击行为之间的关系,以及道德推脱的中介作用与共情的调节作用。通过对845名农村初中生进行问卷调查,结果发现：（1）农村初中生累积生态风险、道德推脱与攻击行为两两之间均存在显著正相关;（2）道德推脱在累积生态风险与农村初中生攻击行为之间起部分中介作用;（3）共情调节道德推脱在累积生态风险与攻击行为之间的中介效应,相对于共情水平较高的农村初中生,中介效应在共情水平较低的农村初中生中更显著。