The implication of the sadistic superego in anorexia

Based on our clinical experience with anorexia, we propose to distinguish two paradoxical aspects of this disorder. On the one hand, anorexia may serve as a shield and support to open up a space for subjectivity, promoting a separation from the mother. Eros is responsible for this defense of subjectivity and of the assumption of one's own wish. But the anorexic individual may, on the other hand, be subjected to the death drive and to the voice of a sadistic and ferocious superego that demands immediate obedience. The death drive, present in different combinations with Eros, is an obstacle to the work of the psychoanalyst.     

班级行为范式对个体行为与受欺负关系影响的多层分析

运用同伴提名法、问卷法对82个班级4654名初中生的个体行为、朋友数量及学业成绩进行了测量,并用多层线性模型（HLM）对数据进行了分析处理。研究结果表明,在个体水平上,初中生的朋友数量和学业成绩对受欺负状况有明显的负向预测效果,初中生的攻击和退缩行为对受欺负状况有明显的正向预测效果。在班级水平上,班级的攻击行为范式可以减弱攻击行为和受欺负状况间的正向联系,增强退缩行为和受欺负状况间的正向关联;而班级的退缩行为范式则可以强化攻击和受欺负状况间的正向联系,弱化退缩行为与受欺负状况间的正向关联。     

Gender differences in aggressive behavior at admission to a psychiatric hospital

As aggressive behavior has a negative impact in general psychiatry, its influence specifically from a gender-related point of view in an in-patient population of a psychiatric clinic was assessed at the time of admission. A group of 521 successively admitted psychiatric in-patients was investigated at admission with the help of the "Social Dysfunction and Aggression Scale". A slightly higher frequency and intensity of "verbal aggressive behavior" was observed in males. Within the other categories of aggressive behavior ("tension", "physical violence to things", and "assaults"), however, the percentages and intensities of gender-related aggressive behavior did not differ significantly. Furthermore, under the covarying impact of various psychiatric diagnoses, the gender-related differences concerning the intensity of "verbal aggressive behavior" disappeared. When comparing male and female subgroups, it was notable that male schizophrenic patients were younger than female patients when displaying comparable risks of showing at least one kind of aggressive behavior. In addition, in the female subgroup, "self-injurious behavior" was more strongly correlated to the category "tension" than in the male subgroup. Although there are some methodological shortcomings, the present results show that there are small qualitative differences in gender-related aggressive behavior in addition to minimal quantitative differences in the frequency and intensity of "verbal aggressive behavior" at admission.     

Physical aggression toward teachers: Antecedents,behaviors, and consequences

School violence is a significant public health concern that occurs in many forms. Physical aggression can cause serious bodily injury and long-term negative effects, and both teachers and students experience significant rates of physical aggression. There are few studies examining teachers’ experiences of physical aggression. Studies that go beyond prevalence are limited, and we know little about the triggers and consequences that surround these incidents. This qualitative investigation used an antecedent-behavior-consequence (A-B-C) framework to understand how incidents of physical aggression directed toward teachers unfold. The sample included 193 elementary and secondary teachers who completed an anonymous, online survey and described events leading up to and following their experiences with physical aggression. Using conventional content analysis, we identified common antecedents, such as breaking up fights, discipline, and directives, and common consequences, such as student removal, school staff involvement, positive outcomes, and inaction. Further analyses revealed seven common A-B-C patterns among physical aggression incidents that are highlighted and discussed. Utility of the A-B-C framework for teacher-directed violence is described, along with implications for research, practice, and policy. Exploring the context surrounding incidents of physical aggression directed against teachers provides useful information for violence prevention and interventions.     

睾酮素与反社会倾向未成年犯的攻击行为：敌意注意偏向的中介和皮质醇的调节作用

为考察睾酮素与反社会倾向未成年犯攻击行为的关系,在整合攻击行为生物激素视角和社会认知视角的基础上,探究敌意注意偏向的中介作用与皮质醇的调节作用。对84名未成年犯的激素水平、敌意注意偏向以及攻击行为进行调查。结果显示：(1)敌意注意偏向(注意不稳定性、注意回避)在睾酮素对攻击行为的影响中起完全中介作用;(2)皮质醇调节睾酮素与敌意注意偏向的关系,仅在高皮质醇水平下,敌意注意偏向的中介效应显著。基于生物激素影响攻击行为的中介机制和调节机制,可尝试从增加对敌意刺激的注意回避和提高皮质醇水平两个方面对反社会倾向未成年犯的攻击暴力行为进行干预。     

The role of fantasies and dreams in the TV viewing—aggression relationship

The TV viewing habits of 391 8-year-old and 10-year-old Finnish children were related to their aggression, their aggressive and fear fantasies, and their dreams and fantasies about TV. Two measurements of aggression were made: peer-nominated aggression and self-rated aggression. TV viewing habits were measured by the amount of TV seen during a week and violence viewing, that is, how regularly violent TV serials were watched. Hypothetically, in addition to a direct relationship between TV viewing and aggression, there could also be an indirect relationship; for example, fantasizing might provide a link in the TV viewing-aggression relationship. There were significant positive correlations for the boys between TV viewing variables and aggression. There were also significant positive correlations between the amount of TV and televised violence viewing and fear and aggressive fantasies in general and with dreams and fantasies about actual TV programs seen. The correlations were less frequent for the girls. The same tendencies were evident for age groups and education. More frequent positive correlations were found with older children and regular classes than with younger children and music classes. The use of fantasy was also correlated positively with both peer-nominated and self-rated aggression. The results of the present study support the information-processing theory, which suggests that the more a child watches TV the more he or she has fantasies about the programs and rehearses the scenes viewed which, in turn, results in explicit aggressive behavior.     

A comparative study of rodent social behavior in a seminatural enclosure

Social behavior, aggression, and copulation were studied in six groups of two males and two females each in seven species of muroid rodents (Clethrionomys gapperi, Microtus montanus, M ochrogaster, M pennsylvanicus, Peromyscus eremicus, P leucopus, and P polionotus) in a seminatural enclosure. Data were compared to those from an earlier study with P maniculatus tested under identical conditions. There were appreciable species differences in levels of both aggressive and sexual behavior; the two were not significantly correlated. Although levels of aggression did not appear well correlated with reports of social structure in the field, patterns of weight loss and litter production during the study did appear correlated. In general, levels of copulatory behavior appeared weakly correlated with factors previously proposed as predictors of polygamous mating systems; levels of aggressive behavior were better correlated with taxonomy.     

Ethanol effects on shock-induced fighting and muricide by rats

Ethanol (0.25-1 gm/kg body weight; IP) did not significantly alter shock-induced fighting, regardless of whether it was administered to both rats or to only one rat of the pair. Higher doses tended to decrease shock-induced fighting. Ethanol (0.25-2 gm/kg body weight; IP) also did not induce “nonkiller” rats to kill mice and only high doses (1.5 and 2 gm/kg body weight) decreased the incidence of muricide in “killer” rats. The depressant effects of ethanol on both shock-induced fighting and muricide appeared to result from drug-induced ataxia rather than from a direct effect of ethanol on aggressive behavior.     

Moral approval of aggressive acts: A preliminary investigation

A questionnaire was used to investigate 1) the approval of various kinds of aggressive behaviour under different specified circumstances and 2) the arousal of feelings of aggression in imagined situations. In addition, an attitude test was presented which discriminated between the two highest of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning [1969]. The subjects were a very varied group of 83 adults (aged 17–68 years) from municipal evening courses in Finland. Aggression was most approved when it was given altruistic purpose. Self-defense was rated as the second highest justification for aggression. Aggression was found least legitimate when the reasons were emotional (drunk, rage). The justification of some types of aggressive behaviour were dependent on the conditions under which they occurred, whereas others appeared independent. Killing and torture were the most disapproved kinds of aggressive behaviour. Another's attack was the most powerful instigator of feelings of aggression, whereas frustration seemed relatively unimportant. Females approved of emotional expressions of aggression to a greater extent than did males. The moral test did not correlate with approval of aggression in general, but a couple of more specific predictions about the effects of level of moral reasoning on attitudes to socially sanctioned forms of aggression were tentatively confirmed.