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891.
Toddlers in day care have more toy conflicts, aggression, and peer-inflicted injuries than any other age group. Toddlers are also capable of turn-taking and affectionate behavior, but exhibit these prosocial behaviors less often than aggression and toy-taking. We explored the usefulness and feasibility of contextual and teacher-directed social skills intervention for increasing toddlers' turn-taking and affectionate behavior to peers. Results showed that adding tangible consequences to a basic package of contextual arrangement, prompts, and praise was the most effective strategy for increasing both turn-taking and affection. Aggression decreased when affection or turn-taking increased. 相似文献
892.
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) as a treatment for problem behavior has typically included (a) continuous access to reinforcers at the onset of treatment and (b) extinction. We extended research on NCR by conducting a three-phase preliminary investigation of these components. In Phase 1, a functional analysis showed that the problem behavior of 3 participants with developmental disabilities was maintained by tangible positive reinforcement. In Phase 2, treatment started with the initial NCR interval based on the latency to the first problem behavior during baseline. In Phase 3, treatment consisted of NCR without extinction to determine whether extinction was an essential treatment component. Results showed that the initial NCR schedule based on latency (Phase 2) and NCR without extinction (Phase 3) were effective for reducing rates of problem behavior compared with baseline. Findings are discussed regarding the initial schedule of reinforcement and extinction as components of NCR. 相似文献
893.
Mukti Khanna Ph.D. Nirbhay N. Singh Ph.D. Mary Nemil B.A. Al Best Ph.D. Cynthia R. Ellis M.D. 《Journal of child and family studies》1992,1(2):155-165
This study investigated the needs of a sample of 100 women from shelters for the homeless in Richmond, Virginia. The women's responses to a 117-item interview were used to obtain information regarding their domicilary status, work history, educational background, family and health history, social support, reasons for homelessness, and social service needs. The results indicated that a significant number of the women had moved as many as six times within the past five years for various reasons, including domestic violence, interpersonal conflict, overcrowding, and eviction. Many women were high school graduates and had job skills in the health care, educational, and clerical fields. Most women were raised by their natural or extended family and the majority of them had a friend or family member who provided social support. Identified needs included housing, food, clothing, and transportation. The needs of homeless women and their children were different from the needs of the homeless chronically mentally ill and require specialized services as well as an increase in the available number of low-income housing units. 相似文献
894.
Ialongo NS Werthamer L Kellam SG Brown CH Wang S Lin Y 《American journal of community psychology》1999,27(5):599-641
We assessed the immediate effects of two universal, first-grade preventive interventions on the proximal targets of poor achievement, concentration problems, aggression, and shy behaviors, known early risk behaviors for later substance use/abuse, affective disorder, and conduct disorder. The classroom-centered (CC) intervention was designed to reduce these early risk behaviors by enhancing teachers' behavior management and instructional skills, whereas the family-school partnership (FSP) intervention was aimed at improving parent-teacher communication and parental teaching and child behavior management strategies. Over the course of first and second grades, the CC intervention yielded the greatest degree of impact on its proximal targets, whereas the FSP's impact was somewhat less. The effects were influenced by gender and by preintervention levels of risk. Analyses of implementation measures demonstrated that greater fidelity to the intervention protocols was associated with greater impact on behavior ratings and on achievement scores, thus providing some evidence of specificity in the effect of the interventions. 相似文献
895.
Kris Kissman 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1999,21(3):373-384
This paper describes a camp program for homeless families and parenting groups aimed at discussing issues related to parenting while homeless. In groups and individual interviews, the women shared stories about multiple problems that negatively impacted parent/child relationships and their ability to maintain employment and residential stability. These problems included domestic violence, sexual abuse, and substance abuse. Evaluation of the camp program indicated that services available in the community and those provided by shelters were limited and mothers often had difficulties utilizing services. 相似文献
896.
897.
This article discusses section 156 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 which prohibits the use of eggs from
aborted female foetuses for the purposes of reproduction. I argue that the pre-legislative debates focus only on the biological
relationship between the aborted foetus and any ensuing child and foreclose the possibility of useful discussion about the
potential merits of such technology. Kristeva's theory of abjection has been used in order to elucidate the strength of feeling
about the use of eggs from the expelled foetus. I suggest that the ‘yuk’ factor stems from the potential for the blurring
of the boundaries between life and death. In addition, I suggest that the stress placed on the biological link means that
the foetus is ascribed special properties not given to live donors. Woman's very crucial role in reproductive technologies
is therefore erased. The article argues that there are very good reasons why the debate on the subject should remain open.
At present women donors have to undergo highly intrusive procedures in order to give eggs and the process is not without its
health risks. The use of eggs from aborted foetuses certainly raises important consent issues but these could be addressed
by placing women at the centre of the decision making process, starting with the recognition that it is women and not foetuses
who have the remit and responsibility for giving consent for the use of their genetic material. Moreover, there should be
an acknowledgement that women are perfectly capable of making informed decisions about donation and of considering the potential
implications of participating in egg donation.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
898.
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) and aggression have been the concern of researchers because of the serious impact these behaviors have on individuals' lives. Despite the plethora of research on the treatment of SIB and aggressive behavior, the reported findings have been inconsistent regarding the effectiveness of reinforcement-based versus punishment-based procedures. We conducted a literature review to determine whether a trend could be detected in researchers' selection of reinforcement-based procedures versus punishment-based procedures, particularly since the introduction of functional analysis to behavioral assessment. The data are consistent with predictions made in the past regarding the potential impact of functional analysis methodology. Specifically, the findings indicate that, once maintaining variables for problem behavior are identified, experimenters tend to choose reinforcement-based procedures rather than punishment-based procedures as treatment for both SIB and aggressive behavior. Results indicated an increased interest in studies on the treatment of SIB and aggressive behavior, particularly since 1988. 相似文献
899.
900.
The results of a modified functional analysis demonstrated that aggression, displayed by a 27-year-old man, was occasioned by the use of "don't" requests to interrupt the client's ongoing and often inappropriate activities (e.g., lying on the floor, pica, inappropriate touching of others). Subsequent analyses demonstrated that aggression was lower when ongoing activities were interrupted with symmetrical "do" requests than with "don't" requests. An intervention utilizing symmetrical "do" requests (i.e., prompting an individual to engage in an incompatible behavior) to interrupt such activities resulted in reduced levels of aggression. 相似文献