Effects of short-term crowding on aggression in captive groups of pigtail monkeys (macaca nemestrina)

Agonistic behaviors of 14 groups of pigtail monkeys were monitored under 2 spatial conditions, normal living space and half that amount of space. Aggression occurred less frequently in the crowded than in the relatively less crowded condition. The results of this study resemble those of some analogous research on human children, and they suggest that nonhuman primate models of crowding stress and aggression may be especially appropriate.     

Field response of acromyrmex crassispinus (forel) to aggression by atta sexdens (linn.) and predation by labidus praedator (fr. smith) (hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Aggression between colonies of the leaf-cutting ants, Acromyrmex crassispinus and Atta sexdens, was followed in the field. A. sexdens dominated the A. crassispinus nest, but did not overcome it. The A. crassispinus nest was subsequently raided by Labidus praedator, which took larvae and pupae without killing the colony. Aggression between the leaf-cutting ant colonies lasted 17 days. Microgyne production and nest displacement in the attacked A. crassispinus colony may be atrributed to stress.     

Aggressive reactions of ducklings to a nonliving target object

This study asked whether ducklings' forceful pecks at a nonliving target object could be validly identified as aggressive. Previously isolated ducklings were exposed to a small cylindrical object that could serve as a target for aggressive pecks and as an object for attachment. After initially attempting to flee from the target, they vigorously pecked at it and also showed signs of the formation of a social (imprinting) attachment. In all important respects this pattern of behavior was identical to the pattern of escape, aggressive pecks, and attachment seen when a previously isolated duckling first encounters a conspecific. Social housing, a manipulation which attenuates aggression against live targets in ducklings and other species, reduced pecking at the nonliving target object. Early aversive stimulation, which enhances aggression against live targets, increased pecking at the object. These findings support the use of nonliving targets in the study of aggression in ducklings.     

Behavioural characteristics of adolescence in young captive european rabbits,oryctolagus cuniculus

The territoriality of young, wild-type European rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus was studied in the laboratory. The experimental procedure was to introduce a strange animal into the pen (“home”) of another rabbit and to record the occurrence of the following forms of behaviour: approach, sniffing, following and chasing, aggression. Altogether 290 rabbits of the following age classes were used - 16 to 30, 31 to 60, 61 to 90, and 91 to 120 days old, and adult females and males The young rabbits were members of 62 separate litters Thirty tests were carried out for each of 21 age-class combinations giving a total of 630 separate tests each lasting 10 minutes. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using a multivariate parametric approach to paired comparisons The multiple discriminant analysis was used. The results indicated the preparedness of even the youngest rabbits to defend their own territory and the inhibiting effect of strange territory on all rabbits, except the 61–90-day-old subjects referred to as adolescents. The adolescents displayed aggression to younger as well as older rabbits. Within their own age group even a few days seniority of the introduced individual levelled the intensity of aggression of contestants. This behavioural characteristic was not present in the oldest age class (91–120 days old). The results are discussed in relation to information on the behaviour of free-living rabbits. The innate nature of territoriality of the species is emphasised.     

Sex and aggression during rhesus monkey group formation

Observational data from 16 newly formed social groups of rhesus monkeys were analyzed to identify patterns of behavior that correlated with the frequency and intensity of aggression directed toward females. The results revealed significant correlations between heterosexual behavior and female-female noncontact aggression and between female homosexual behavior and female-female contact aggression. The role of female homosexual behavior and its relationship to aggression in the formation of new groups is discussed.     

机器学习在儿童创伤后应激障碍识别及转归预测中的应用

创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)会给儿童发展带来负面效应,其影响甚至延续至成年期。然而传统诊断方式难以做到快速、客观、准确的识别和诊断儿童PTSD,机器学习作为一种处理大量变量和数据的新兴方法,逐渐被应用到儿童PTSD的早期预测、识别及辅助诊断等研究中。机器学习凭借其性能、原理等方面的优势,可被应用在儿童PTSD的识别与转归领域。相比自我报告式的诊断,通过机器学习辅助识别和诊断儿童PTSD的过程具有效率高、客观准确、节约资源等独特优势。然而,机器学习也在硬件成本、算法选择和预测准确度等方面存在局限性。未来研究人员需要进一步提高机器学习诊断识别儿童PTSD的准确率,并将机器学习算法同传统诊断方法结合进行更多的探索和应用。     

攻击者的注意偏向与归因偏向及其关系

在攻击者的认知偏向中,注意偏向与归因偏向尤为引人注目。攻击者常偏向于注意敌意性的刺激,并会对模棱两可的情境作出敌意性的解释。二者的关系存在注意优先模型与解释优先模型两种可能性,注意优先模型认为注意过程先于解释过程,解释优先模型则相反。两种假设各有论据支持,而攻击者注意偏向与归因偏向的关系尚无定论。今后的研究当改进实验方法、运用多种技术从理论和应用两方面更深入地探讨攻击者的这二种偏向及其关系。     

Interpersonal Relationships and Sex Differences in the Development of Conduct Problems

This article investigates the role of interpersonal relationships in shaping sex differences in the manifestation, etiology, and developmental course of conduct problems and their treatment needs. The review examines whether: (1) Girls conduct problems are more likely than boys to manifest as a function of disrupted relationships with caretakers and peers; (2) For girls more than for boys, the outcomes of conduct problems in adolescence and adulthood, and related treatment needs, are more likely to be a consequence of the quality of interpersonal relationships with others, particularly opposite-sex peers and partners. Evidence reviewed suggests that boys and girls share many similarities in their expression of conduct problems, but that a relational perspective does unify important differences. There is fair evidence that girls with conduct problems are more likely to come to the attention of authorities because of chaotic, unstable family relationships, and to express antisocial behavior in the context of close relationships; there is stronger evidence that the course and outcomes of conduct problems in females versus males pertain to interpersonal relationship impairments. Those sex differences map onto specific differences in treatment needs. Further empirical testing of the proposed relational model is indicated.     

Validity evidence and measurement equivalence for the Dutch translation of the conditional reasoning test for aggression

The Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A) indirectly measures the implicit motive to aggress by engaging respondents in inductive reasoning tasks. Most research involving the CRT-A has been based on the original English version of the test with most data being collected in the United States. The purpose of the current paper is to evaluate the psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of this test and to examine if it could be used to predict measures of integrity. In the first of two studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties and measurement equivalence of the CRT-A across US and Dutch samples. In the second study, we examined validity evidence for the Dutch version of the CRT-A. Results from Study 1 indicated that the test was mostly equivalent across cultures (i.e. limited differential item functioning was detected). Results from Study 2 demonstrated that the Dutch version of the CRT-A was correlated with measures of behavioral integrity and provided incremental prediction of integrity over and above traditional self-report measures of explicit personality traits. We discuss the implications for using CRTs across different cultures and languages.