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201.
The aim of the present study was to explore whether Chinese learners could implicitly learn the semantic preferences of novel English words. In training, participants learned four novel verbs and were exposed to a set of verb-noun phrases that included these new words. What the participants were not told was that the use of the verbs depended on the concreteness of the nouns (i.e., the semantic preference rule). In testing, participants were required to choose between two possible verbs (one of which violated the semantic preference rule) for nouns that never occurred in training. The results showed that participants acquired unconscious knowledge of semantic preferences under incidental learning conditions, as measured by verbal reports and structural knowledge attributions. Our results provide further evidence for implicit learning of semantic preferences, suggesting that implicit learning is an important mechanism in the acquisition of L2 collocations. 相似文献
202.
Pitchford NJ 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2006,94(4):328-333
Compared with object word learning, young children typically find learning color terms to be a difficult linguistic task. In this reflections article, I consider two questions that are fundamental to investigations into the developmental acquisition of color terms. First, I consider what constrains color term acquisition and how stable these constraints are over culture and age. I review recent studies that have identified conceptual, attentional, and linguistic constraints that seemingly operate on the acquisition of color terms compared with object words and the differential acquisition of color terms within a given language. Second, I consider whether these constraints are specific to the acquisition of color terms or whether they reflect more general constraints that operate on other classes of lexical terms such as different abstract property terms. 相似文献
203.
Female zebra finches show a preference for male zebra finches over heterospecific males based solely on the auditory cues
of males, such as songs. The present study was designed to investigate whether females show a similar preference for male
zebra finches based solely on visual cues. Using a Y-maze apparatus, social preference of female zebra finches was studied
between male zebra finches and male Bengalese finches in three experiments. In experiment 1, where female zebra finches could
see and hear live male zebra finches and male Bengalese finches, the females preferred to associate with the male zebra finches.
In experiment 2, using a sound-attenuated experimental apparatus, subjects could see, but not hear, male zebra finches and
male Bengalese finches. The subjects did not show a significant preference for associating with zebra finches. In experiment 3,
as in experiment 2, females could see live male zebra finches and male Bengalese finches in the sound-attenuated chambers.
However, in experiment 3, the subjects also heard prerecorded auditory cues (i.e., songs and calls) of male zebra finches,
which were presented simultaneously in both arms of the maze. Although the females could not use the auditory cues to identify
the location of the male zebra finches, they preferred to associate with the male zebra finches rather than the male Bengalese
finches. These results suggest that visual cues alone were effective in initiating choice behaviors by females and that auditory
cues facilitate such visually based choice behaviors.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
204.
We compared results from two preference assessments with data on extended performance of vocational tasks by 4 participants with developmental disabilities. All participants engaged in one task exclusively when seven tasks were available concurrently during a 5-min multiple-stimulus assessment. By contrast, all participants exhibited high levels of engagement in most tasks when the tasks were presented singly for 5 min, and these data showed a high degree of correspondence with those obtained during extended (60-min) vocational assessments. 相似文献
205.
Variable-ratio versus variable-interval schedules: response rate, resistance to change, and preference
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Nevin JA Randolph Holland S McLean AP 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2001,76(1):43-74
Two experiments asked whether resistance to change depended on variable-ratio as opposed to variable-interval contingencies of reinforcement and the different response rates they establish. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained on multiple random-ratio random-interval schedules with equated reinforcer rates. Baseline response rates were disrupted by intercomponent food, extinction, and prefeeding. Resistance to change relative to baseline was greater in the interval component, and the difference was correlated with the extent to which baseline response rates were higher in the ratio component. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained on multiple variable-ratio variable-interval schedules in one half of each session and on concurrent chains in the other half in which the terminal links corresponded to the multiple-schedule components. The schedules were varied over six conditions, including two with equated reinforcer rates. In concurrent chains, preference strongly overmatched the ratio of obtained reinforcer rates. In multiple schedules, relative resistance to response-independent food during intercomponent intervals, extinction, and intercomponent food plus extinction depended on the ratio of obtained reinforcer rates but was less sensitive than was preference. When reinforcer rates were similar, both preference and relative resistance were greater for the variable-interval schedule, and the differences were correlated with the extent to which baseline response rates were higher on the variable-ratio schedule, confirming the results of Experiment 1. These results demonstrate that resistance to change and preference depend in part on response rate as well as obtained reinforcer rate, and challenge the independence of resistance to change and preference with respect to response rate proposed by behavioral momentum theory. 相似文献
206.
On programming KARO agents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Meyer J-J; de Boer F; van Eijk R; Hindriks K; van der Hoek W 《Logic Journal of the IGPL》2001,9(2):245-256
207.
Prior studies have observed that the attractiveness of playing a simple gamble (7/36 to win $9; otherwise win nothing) is greatly enhanced by introducing a small loss (7/36 win $9; otherwise lose 5¢). The present studies tested and confirmed an explanation of this finding based on the concept of evaluability and the affect heuristic. Evaluators of the “no‐loss” gamble lack a precise feeling for how good $9 is, hence give it little weight in their judgment. In the second gamble, comparison with the small loss makes $9 “come alive with feeling” and become weighted in the judgment, thus increasing the attractiveness of the gamble. These results demonstrate the importance of contextual factors in determining affect and preference for simple risk‐taking opportunities. They show that the meaning, utility, and weighting of even a very familiar monetary outcome such as $9 is not fixed, but depends greatly on these contextual factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
208.
纳络酮、地卓西平(MK-801)对大鼠食物渴求的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
实验以条件性位置偏爱(CPP)的表达为渴求模型观察纳络酮及MK-801对大鼠食物CPP表达,探讨摄食行为调控的心理机制。48只SD大鼠分成食物组(24)与对照组(24),3轮食物匹配训练后,在CPP表达前分别注射生理盐水、纳络酮(1.0 mg˙kg -1)及MK-801(0.1 mg˙kg -1),观察各组动物在食物匹配训练侧停留时间的变化。结果发现,MK-801促进食物CPP的表达,但纳络酮对食物CPP的表达没有显著影响。以上结果表明MK-801(0.1mg˙kg -1)增强动物的食物渴求至少是其增加摄食量的原因之一,而1.0 mg˙kg -1的纳络酮降低动物的摄食量并不是由于食物渴求的下降导致的。MK-801与纳络酮调节动物摄食行为的心理机制可能不一致。 相似文献
209.
品牌个性与消费者自我概念的一致性及其对品牌忠诚的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
品牌个性与消费者自概念的一致性是指消费者在进行品牌选择时,倾向于选择那些品牌个性与其自我概念一致的品牌。品牌个性与自我概念的一致性对消费者的品牌忠诚具有积极的影响。许多研究都证实了这一点。本文主要对品牌个性与消费者自我概念的一致性对品牌偏好的影响做了简要的概述,对并对其未来研究方向进行了展望。 相似文献
210.