童年中期同伴关系的变化对孤独感的影响

在一年期间追踪调查了412名3、4、5年级儿童,探讨了同伴关系变化对孤独感的影响。结果表明:对于男孩而言,友谊质量上升,1年后测得的孤独感显著降低;友谊质量下降,1年后测得的孤独感显著增强。对于女孩而言,社交自我知觉下降,其1年后的孤独感显著增强;社交自我知觉稳定组的孤独感显著降低,社交自我知觉上升组的孤独感最低。同伴关系的变化对孤独感的影响因性别而异。     

当代中学生与其父母价值观的异同

本研究以一个完整家庭(包括父亲、母亲、子女)为单位,基于施瓦茨的价值观理论,对上海及其周边中小城市、农村的107个14-17周岁的在校中学生家庭进行了价值观调查。在考察子女与其父母价值观差异的同时,运用多元回归分析探索当代中学生与父母价值观的相似性。结果表明,父母双方与子女价值观存在较大差异,其中母亲与子女的价值观差异更大;但子女与父母在集体主义价值观维度上表现出显著的相似性。     

Envy and difference

This paper explores five examples of envy, examining the similarities and differences between the clinical situations. The theory relating to envy is extensively reviewed and a critique of the Kleinian position is offered, suggesting that the aversion to separation and difference is not only prior to, but also has explanatory precedence over, the functioning of envy. Kleinian examples are explored in this light. The experience of separateness and difference is understood to lead to a number of outcomes: envy, admiration, competitiveness, a sense of low self-esteem and inadequacy, or a fear of being envied. It is argued that the individual's particular personality organization and their associated relational pattern will determine their experience of envy. Examples of schizoid, borderline, narcissistic and hysteric functioning in relation to envy are examined in some depth. The link between these phenomena and the death instinct is touched on.     

新时代青少年早期文化价值观的发展轨迹：同伴接纳的作用

采用问卷法和同伴提名法对1244名四年级学生进行为期三年的三次追踪,使用线性潜增长模型建模,检验四到六年级学生个体和集体取向价值观的变化趋势,并考察同伴接纳对两类文化价值观发展的影响及性别差异。结果显示：（1）青少年早期个体取向价值观呈线性上升趋势,起始水平存在显著个体差异,而变化速度不存在显著个体差异,起始水平和变化速度之间不存在显著关联;集体取向价值观呈线性上升趋势,起始水平及变化速度都存在显著个体差异,起始水平和变化速度之间存在显著负相关;（2）个体取向价值观的起始水平和变化速度都不存在显著性别差异;女生的集体取向价值观起始水平显著高于男生,而变化速度不存在显著性别差异;（3）较高的同伴接纳对特定时间点上个体和集体取向价值观的上升具有显著促进作用。     

On a slippery slope to intolerance: Individual difference in slippery slope beliefs predict outgroup negativity

Slippery slope beliefs capture the idea that a non-problematic action will lead to unpreventable and harmful outcomes. While this idea has been examined in legal and philosophical literatures, there has been no psychological research into the individual propensity to hold slippery slope beliefs. Across five studies and six samples (combined N = 5,974), we developed and tested an individual difference measure of slippery slope beliefs, finding that it predicted intolerance of outgroup freedoms above and beyond key demographic and psychological predictors (Studies 1–2 and 5). We also found that slippery slope beliefs predict intolerance of debated behaviors in two countries (Study 3), and that it predicted agreement with real-world slippery slope examples across the political spectrum (Studies 4–5).     

Infant perception of causal motion produced by humans and inanimate objects

Both the movements of people and inanimate objects are intimately bound up with physical causality. Furthermore, in contrast to object movements, causal relationships between limb movements controlled by humans and their body displacements uniquely reflect agency and goal-directed actions in support of social causality. To investigate the development of sensitivity to causal movements, we examined the looking behavior of infants between 9 and 18 months of age when viewing movements of humans and objects. We also investigated whether individual differences in gender and gross motor functions may impact the development of the visual preferences for causal movements. In Experiment 1, infants were presented with walking stimuli showing either normal body translation or a “moonwalk” that reversed the horizontal motion of body translations. In Experiment 2, infants were presented with unperformable actions beyond infants’ gross motor functions (i.e., long jump) either with or without ecologically valid body displacement. In Experiment 3, infants were presented with rolling movements of inanimate objects that either complied with or violated physical causality. We found that female infants showed longer looking times to normal walking stimuli than to moonwalk stimuli, but did not differ in their looking time to movements of inanimate objects and unperformable actions. In contrast, male infants did not show sensitivity to causal movement for either category. Additionally, female infants looked longer at social stimuli of human actions than male infants. Under the tested circumstances, our findings indicate that female infants have developed a sensitivity to causal consistency between limb movements and body translations of biological motion, only for actions with previous visual and motor exposures, and demonstrate a preference toward social information.     

复杂目标实现过程中进展感知与努力的因果关系：基于潜在差分模型的分析

长期、多任务复杂目标实现过程中,个体如何依据过往进展来调节未来努力付诸程度,一直是工业与组织心理学中有争议的话题之一。本研究以创业活动作为研究背景,以PESD数据库中215名创业者为研究对象,构建潜在差分模型对连续5年的创业进展感知与创业努力的客观数据进行分析。结果显示,进展感知和努力间呈现互动式因果关系：前一期努力程度能够预测下一期进展感知的增加,但前一期进展感知却使得下一期努力程度减弱。     

工作对家庭的增益与中小学教师的工作满意度:职业认同的中介作用及其性别差异

探究工作对家庭的增益影响中小学教师工作满意度的过程机制。采用纵向设计对760名中小学教师进行问卷调查,时间点1测查人口学变量和工作对家庭的增益,时间点2测查职业认同和工作满意度。结果发现:(1)工作对家庭的增益能够显著正向预测工作满意度;(2)职业认同在工作对家庭的增益与工作满意度的关系中起部分中介作用;(3)性别对此中介过程的前半段路径具有调节作用,表现为男教师的工作对家庭的增益对职业认同的预测效力更高。结果表明:工作对家庭的增益显著影响中小学教师的工作满意度,职业认同在此影响过程中具有中介作用,且这一中介作用存在性别差异。     

父母忽视与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系:希望的中介作用和性别的调节作用

为探究父母忽视与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系及其中心理机制,本研究以全国七个省的八所中学共805名初二学生为被试,采用问卷法考察了父母忽视与青少年网络游戏成瘾的关系及希望在其中的中介作用,并检验了该过程是否受到性别的调节。在控制了每周上网时间和网龄后,结果发现：（1）父母忽视对网络游戏成瘾具有正向预测作用;（2）希望在父母忽视和网络游戏成瘾间起到完全中介作用;（3）性别调节了中介模型的前半段路径,具体表现为相对于女生,父母忽视对男生希望的负向预测作用更显著。结果表明父母忽视会明显降低初二学生的希望水平,进而增加其网络游戏成瘾风险,并且在男生群体中的作用更加显著。     

Worry and working memory influence each other iteratively over time

Little research has examined whether the relationship between working memory (WM) and anxiety/worry remains stable or changes over time; and, if changes occur, the factor(s) influencing change. Claims about influence are typically inferred from data collected at a single time point, and may misrepresent the nature of influence. To investigate the iterative influence of WM and Worry and/or vice versa, 133 fourteen-year-olds completed WM and Worry measures several times over the course of a single day as they prepared for a math test. We used a bivariate latent difference score model to analyse possible changes in WM–Worry relationships. The best fitting model indicated high Worry predicts decreases in WM, and low or decreased WM predicts increases in Worry; high WM with low Worry predicts accurate problem solving; low WM with high Worry predicts inaccurate problem solving. Findings show relationships between WM and Worry varies considerably over a single day, and initial disadvantages become worse over time.