A model of career success: A longitudinal study of emergency physicians

Objective and subjective career success were hypothesized to mediate the relationships between sociodemographic variables, human capital indices, individual difference variables, and organizational sponsorship as inputs and a retirement decision and intentions to leave either the specialty of emergency medicine (EM) or medicine as output variables. Objective career success operationalized as the number of leadership positions held did not mediate the relationship, but income change and career satisfaction mediated the relationship between the hours worked and years employed in emergency medicine. Work centrality was significantly related to subjective career success more so for men than women and perceptions of success or self-efficacy were positively related to subjective career success for women, but not for men. The expected pattern of women indicating more difficulties with personal time and family time did not emerge; but women did indicate less perceived support from the organization, fewer EM leadership positions, less perceived control over their work situation and less organizational support than did men.     

Cultural similarities and differences in social identification in Japan and Australia

A comparison of social identification processes in Australia and Japan found some similarities and differences. In both countries, identification with smaller face-to-face groups was found to be stronger than identification with larger social categories; however, Australians scored higher on the affective dimension of social identification, whereas Japanese scored higher on the cognitive dimension. Moreover, positive situations from Australia and negative situations from Japan were estimated by respondents from both cultures to be more influential in determining how much they identify with their ingroups, showing a cultural situation-bias effect. Situational affordances of social identification across cultures are discussed.     

归纳推理多样性效应的发展及其争论

归纳推理多样性效应指的是在归纳论断中,前提项目数量越多、越多样,将能构成归纳力度越强的推理。已有研究表明成人的归纳推理明显受到前提项目多样性的影响,而幼儿的相关研究却存在着两种对立的观点：一是认为幼儿不能基于多样性进行推理,二是认为5岁左右的幼儿就能够基于多样性进行推理。出现此争论的原因可能与研究方法方面的差异有关,如实验范式与前提组间差异、实验材料类别与概念范畴、属性特征及呈现方式、推理形式;此外,儿童的知识经验也是一个影响因素。未来研究可以结合相关领域的研究范式;深入挖掘影响儿童表现出多样性效应的因素;将任务设计多样化;将实验任务的计分方式多样化;开展相关的应用研究。     

Endocrine Mediators of Masculinization in Female Mammals

ABSTRACT— Most mammal species show traditional patterns of sexual dimorphism (e.g., greater male size and aggression), the proximal mechanism of which involves the male's greater pre- and postnatal exposure to circulating androgens. But in several species, females diverge from the traditional pattern, converging on the male form or even reversing sexual dimorphisms. Such "masculinized" females might show elongation of the clitoris, enhanced body size, and aggressively mediated social dominance over males, and they are interesting case studies for examining the role of androgens in females. This review addresses our understanding of the mediating mechanisms of morphological and behavioral development in both traditional and exceptional mammal species. Although certain lines of evidence implicate testosterone in female masculinization, the role for sex steroids in female development remains unclear. The results call for continued study of both hormonal and nonhormonal mechanisms of sexual differentiation, particularly focused on active processes of feminine development.     

Imagining human enhancement: whose future,which rationality?

This article critically evaluates bettering human life. Because this involves lives that do not exist yet, the article investigates human eugenics and enhancement through the social prism of ‘the imaginary’ (defined ‘as a set of assumptions and concepts for thinking and speaking about human enhancement and its future direction’) [1]. “Exploring basic assumptions underlying the idea of human enhancement” investigates underlying assumptions and claims for human enhancement. Firstly, human eugenics and enhancement entangles a factual as well as a normative claim about what improvement/betterment maybe constitutive of. Secondly, claims about what a better life is, is often a future orientated claim about whether certain kinds of life that do not exist yet should ever exist. Moral images of thought are introduced and how they work to make normative judgments about lives that do not exist. This implicates the moral problem of difference, where an image of a ‘better’ life—classically expressed in eugenics as a ‘superior’ and/or ‘normal’ life—necessarily entails inferiority and/or deviance from a norm. “Moral imagination in contemporary fiction and the history of old eugenics”, introduces moral images in history of eugenics and demonstrates how examples fall foul of the problem. “The new (liberal) eugenics and the moral image of therapy” examines progress in contemporary debates, the move from authoritarian to non-authoritarian eugenics (human enhancement), and how, to some extent, this has solved the problem of difference, through liberal defence of personal choice. “The heart of the eugenic issue” suggests that personal choice in liberal non-authoritarian eugenics is not immune to basic drive behind all eugenic arguments; desire as lack which is expressed as the continual dissatisfaction of not having our future expectations met.

智力个体差异研究述评

智力差异是心理学领域智力研究和个体差异研究的一项重要内容。近年来,研究者对智力个体差异的内在机制从不同角度提出了解释,随着认知领域相应研究的发展,陆续出现了4种研究取向：因素取向、参数取向、策略取向和适应性取向。文章在简要介绍4种取向的内涵、产生的历史背景的基础上,综述了各个取向相关的研究成果,特别是最新进展。已有研究表明,四种取向在解释个体智力差异本质方面都还存在着一定问题,未来的研究需要努力构建比较全面的智力差异理论;从认知加工和神经机制研究相结合的角度恰当解释智力差异;同时加强对非认知因素的关注     

自闭症的性别差异及其与认知神经功能障碍的关系

儿童自闭症的发病率男性高于女性,已在世界各国的研究者中形成共识。自闭症患者在行为障碍,言语障碍和智力特征上的性别差异较为显著。这种性别差异的原因,显示自闭症的发症有其基因变异,以及神经生物学遗传因素所存在。神经生物学的障碍与自闭症儿童的认知神经功能障碍具有密切的对应关系。理解自闭症发生机制中的性别差异问题,对于探究自闭症的病因学,以及在今后诊断工具的开发和自闭症儿童的治疗、教育过程中,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

积极情绪和消极情绪的大脑反应差异研究综述

情绪的产生通常伴随着相应的生理变化。积极情绪和消极情绪在进化过程中具有不同的适应意义,形成了不同的生理反应。该文综述了积极情绪和消极情绪在大脑中的反应差异,归纳了相关的研究结论和存在的争论,并指出寻找敏感情绪指标、脑功能定位、情绪调节等三个方向可能会在未来几年显著的推动情绪研究的进步。     

决策中个体差异研究现状述评

决策中个体差异的研究有助于进一步检验和深化传统决策理论。文章回顾了近十年决策个体差异研究的主要变量（人格、认知能力、认知风格和年龄）和研究结果,并简要总结了该类研究的背景、研究范式和理论意义。这些研究一致发现个体差异变量对决策过程、决策表现等具有影响作用,说明个体差异与决策加工中复杂的人-情境间联系有关。文章提出,未来研究应该综合考虑决策情境、情绪和决策主体的理论模型,以期对个体差异在决策中的作用做出更好解释     

不同人际关系群体情绪调节方式的比较

研究比较了人际关系良好和人际关系不良高中生在8种情绪调节方式（情绪表露、情感求助、放松、认知应对、压抑、哭泣、情绪替代、回避）使用上的差异,以求了解高中生的情绪调节现状,并为高中生良好人际关系的建立提供有效借鉴。结果表明：高中生在情绪表露、情感求助、放松和哭泣4种情绪调节方式上存在显著的性别差异,女性多于男性。受欢迎的学生较多的使用情感求助、认知应对和情绪表露三种情绪调节方式,被拒绝和被忽视学生常压抑自身情绪。