时距估计年龄差异的认知机制

采用双任务的实验范式,通过对（5s、13s和26s）三个目标时距的产生法和复制法的结果来探讨时距估计年龄差异的认知机制。实验结果表明,在不同目标时距和不同的估计方法上均存在显著的年龄效应。年老被试在产生法上比年轻被试显著高估时距,存在非时间任务和年龄的交互作用,随着任务难度的增加年老被试会比年轻被试产生更长的时距。而在复制法上年老被试比年轻被试显著低估时距,但是只有在长时距条件下（26s）存在非时间任务和年龄的交互作用。本研究结果表明年老被试在产生法上对时距的高估可能与内部时钟减慢和注意资源减少有关,而在复制法上对时距的低估可能反映注意资源的减少。此外,对于长时距的时间复制,情节记忆的损伤也是导致时距估计年龄差异的一个可能原因。     

图形的相似性与差异性判断的关系及机制的研究

本研究采用与标准刺激特征相似和关系相似的图形组成的图片,让80名大学生被试选择与标准刺激更相似的和差异更大的图形,分析相似性和差异性判断的关系以及两种判断过程的机制。结果发现：相似性判断和差异性判断不是镜像关系;差异性判断的时间长于相似性判断的时间;在特征与关系共存的时候,特征和关系在相似性判断和差异性判断中起着不同的作用,相似性判断更多地考虑关系,差异性判断更多地考虑特征。     

论个体差异与诊疗决策

诊疗决策最优化的过程,本质上是针对特定的患者,制定最适合其个体差异的决策过程。对个体差异认知方式,经验医学基于对个体的不完全归纳,循证医学基于对群体随机、双盲、对照、大样本,人类基因组学基于对人类基因的差异表达、单核苷酸多态和复制变异的研究。最优化的治疗方案应体现关注患者心理、社会差异、关注生命质量、远离趋利性等人文特征;体现针对个体病患生物学特性差异、个体病程病期和个体最佳疗效差异等科学特征。     

对定量归因判断的能力差异解释

该文提出对由两个原因一起作用而产生的结果的定量归因判断的能力差异解释,认为对两个原因定量归因判断之间的差异主要取决于对两个原因能力评估之间的相对差异。两个实验发现,大学生被试一般能根据对两个原因能力评估的相对差异程度,对产生给定结果的贡献在两个竞争原因之间进行相应的比例分配;对两个原因贡献评估的差异随着对两个原因能力评估的相对差异程度的增大而增大。这支持对这种定量归因判断的能力差异解释。     

The primal warrior: Outgroup threat priming enhances intergroup discrimination in men but not women

Previous evidence suggests that, compared with females, male psychology and behavior is more strongly oriented toward intergroup conflict and competition. This study tested whether male coalitional psychology is so deeply ingrained that it could be activated even by subtle cues in the environment suggesting intergroup conflict. We used a priming method to test if being unwittingly exposed to an offensive message from an outgroup member in one type of intergroup context (i.e., inter-cultural) would enhance male’s and female’s intergroup discrimination in reward allocation in a completely irrelevant intergroup context (i.e., artificial laboratory group). The results showed that, as predicted, the outgroup threat priming enhanced discrimination in men but not women.     

Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and sex-typed play behavior in pre-school children

Juvenile play shows sex differences in animals and humans. Animal studies and a recent study in humans suggest that testosterone exposure during early development plays a key role. Here we report on the relationship between children’s sex-typed play behavior and digit ratio (2D:4D), a putative negative correlate of prenatal testosterone. 2D:4D and sex-typed play behavior as assessed by parents were negatively correlated in a sample of 83 pre-school boys but not in a sample of 93 girls. This finding lends some support to the ideas that early testosterone has a masculinising effect upon sex-typed play behavior in humans and that 2D:4D is a valuable tool for studying effects of early testosterone on human behavior.     

Difference – is it hated or desired? Reflections on the totalitarian state of mind

In an age of polarized political views and growing nationalism it is vital that the psychoanalytic profession offers its contribution. The author makes a link between early infant development and social and political behaviour. Psychoanalytic, Jungian and Relational ideas are explored. Starting from Freud and his theory of ‘minor differences’, a dichotomy between closeness and separateness is investigated. The writer argues that difference is at the centre of human identity and human development and explores why we struggle to accept it. The totalitarian political system is described as one that eliminates difference. A case study is offered as an illustration of a patient’s struggle to move from a symbiotic, undifferentiated state towards object relating and individuation .     

相对剥夺感与大学生网络过激行为:自我损耗的中介作用及性别差异

基于自我损耗理论和性别角色观念,以894名具有网络使用经验的大学生为被试,探讨相对剥夺感与大学生网络过激行为的关系及其作用机制。结果表明：（1）相对剥夺感能够显著正向预测大学生网络过激行为;（2）相对剥夺感通过自我损耗的中介作用预测网络过激行为;（3）性别调节该中介模型的前半路径和直接路径。具体来说,相对于女生,男生的相对剥夺感对自我损耗和网络过激行为的预测作用均更大。研究结论有助于揭示大学生网络过激行为的形成机制及个体差异,对大学生网络过激行为的干预具有参考价值。     

社会互动视角下的人际情绪调节：概念、测量和理论取向

人际情绪调节指的是个体通过与他人的互动,对自己或他人情绪进行调节的社会加工过程,对人际互动和社会关系的维持具有重要的意义。本文基于人际情绪调节社会互动的视角,首先探讨了人际情绪调节的概念;其次简要介绍了人际情绪调节的测量方法及其优缺点,包括主观评价法,实验室法和动态评估法等;最后分别从沟通理论和过程理论两方面梳理了人际情绪调节的研究,并针对这两方面的理论取向,提出相应的未来研究方向。