Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to assess maternal and infant contributions to mother-infant affective exchanges during the Still-Face Paradigm

This study describes maternal and infant contributions to dyadic affective exchanges during the Still-Face Paradigm (SFP) in an understudied mostly low-income sample. One hundred eleven mothers and their 7-month-old infants were videotaped during the SFP to analyze how a social stressor affects mother-infant positive and negative affective exchanges during interaction. The SFP includes 3 episodes: baseline, maternal still-face, and reunion. Maternal and infant positive and negative affect were scored by masked reliable coders. Data were analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model to test the hypotheses that each partner’s affectivity during the baseline episode would predict their own affectivity during the reunion episode (actor effects). We also expected that each partner’s affectivity during the baseline episode would influence the other partner’s affectivity during the reunion episodes (partner effects). After controlling for infant sex and maternal education, results provided evidence for actor effects for maternal and infant positive affect, and for partner effects for maternal baseline positive affect to infant positive affect during the reunion. One significant partner effect was observed for negative affect: Infant negativity during baseline predicted greater maternal negativity during reunion. Findings confirm that both mothers and infants contribute to dyadic affective processes during the SFP but specific findings vary depending on the affective valence in question. Clinical implications and future research are discussed.     

A different kind of pain: affective valence of errors and incongruence*

People hiss and swear when they make errors, frown and swear again when they encounter conflicting information. Such error- and conflict-related signs of negative affect are found even when there is no time pressure or external reward and the task itself is very simple. Previous studies, however, provide inconsistent evidence regarding the affective consequences of resolved conflicts, that is, conflicts that resulted in correct responses. We tested whether response accuracy in the Eriksen flanker task will moderate the effect of trial incongruence using affective priming to measure positive and negative affect. We found that responses to incongruent trials elicit positive affect irrespective of their accuracy. Errors, in turn, result in negative affect irrespective of trial congruence. The effects of conflicts and errors do not interact and affect different dimensions of affective priming. Conflicts change the speed of evaluative categorisation while errors are reflected in categorisation accuracy. We discuss the findings in light of the “reward value and prediction” model and the “affect as a feedback for predictions” framework and consider the possible mechanisms behind the divergent effects.     

No grammatical gender effect on affective ratings: evidence from Italian and German languages

In this study, we tested the linguistic relativity hypothesis by studying the effect of grammatical gender (feminine vs. masculine) on affective judgments of conceptual representation in Italian and German. In particular, we examined the within- and cross-language grammatical gender effect and its interaction with participants’ demographic characteristics (such as, the raters’ age and sex) on semantic differential scales (affective ratings of valence, arousal and dominance) in Italian and German speakers. We selected the stimuli and the relative affective measures from Italian and German adaptations of the ANEW (Affective Norms for English Words). Bayesian and frequentist analyses yielded evidence for the absence of within- and cross-languages effects of grammatical gender and sex- and age-dependent interactions. These results suggest that grammatical gender does not affect judgments of affective features of semantic representation in Italian and German speakers, since an overt coding of word grammar is not required. Although further research is recommended to refine the impact of the grammatical gender on properties of semantic representation, these results have implications for any strong view of the linguistic relativity hypothesis.     

情绪启动对低自尊个体注意偏向的影响

研究通过两个实验来探讨情绪启动对低自尊个体注意偏向的影响。实验一采用点探测实验范式考察高、低自尊个体的注意偏向特点。实验二将重复启动范式和点探测实验范式相结合,进一步探讨情绪启动如何影响低自尊水平个体注意偏向。结果表明：低自尊个体对负性信息存在注意偏向;情绪启动对低自尊个体注意偏向有显著的影响。正性情绪启动对低自尊个体负性注意偏向有显著的调节作用,负性情绪启动加重了低自尊个体的负性注意偏向。     

简单暴露效应的理论模型

简单暴露效应（MereExposureEffect,MEE）的概念最初由Zajonc提出,指的是刺激的简单暴露能够成为提高个体态度的充分条件。文章在简要回顾简单暴露效应概念、影响因素以及表现类型的基础之上,重点介绍了解释简单暴露效应产生机制的理论模型,并探讨了理论构建中存在的一些问题     

静脉药物配置中心国内现状及存在问题

通过对国内多家医院静脉药物配置中心的实地参观、电话咨询及文献分析,了解静脉药物配置中心建设在国内医院的发展现状和工作中存在问题。为更多将要建设静脉药物配置中心项目的医院提供资料和建议,促进静脉药物配置中心项目更快、更好的发展。医院静脉药物配置中心的建设是必然趋势,但各医院应根据自己的实际情况制订合适的规模和建设方案。     

我国职业卫生出现的新问题及应对措施

职业卫生工作是为经济发展服务的,伴随着改革开放和经济的飞速发展,职业病疾病谱系发生了变化,职业病防治也日益法制化,导致我国职业卫生出现了很多新问题,这都影响到我国职业卫生工作的发展,给职业卫生工作提出了更高的要求,面对这些变化,应该采取哪些应对措施,值得很好的探讨。     

Experiential avoidance and aversive visual images: response delays and event-related potentials on a simple matching task

In Experiment 1, participants high (n=15) or low in avoidance (n=14), as measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, completed a simple matching task that required them to choose whether or not to look at an aversive visual image. Only the high-avoidance participants took longer to emit a correct response that produced an aversive rather than a neutral picture. Additionally, the high-avoiders reported greater levels of anxiety following the experiment even though they rated the aversive images as less unpleasant and less emotionally arousing than their low-avoidant counterparts. In Experiment 2, three groups, representing high-, mid- and low-avoidance (n=6 in each) repeated the matching task with the additional recording of event-related potentials (ERPs). The findings of Experiment 1 were replicated in terms of reaction times and subjective ratings. The ERPs confirmed that the participants attended to the content of the images and differentiated between the aversive and neutral image types. The ERPs also showed significantly greater negativity for electrodes over the left hemisphere relative to the midline for only the high-experiential avoidance (EA) group. Given the left hemisphere dominance for language, the data suggest that the high-EA group engaged in verbal strategies to regulate their emotional responses.     

医生职业倦怠及社会、组织影响因素的探讨

医生是职业倦怠研究最早关注的职业之一,通过回顾国内外相关研究,分析了医生职业倦怠的现状,并认为我国现阶段医生的职业倦怠与医疗政策、法制层面存在缺憾、经济和心理回报不够、价值观冲突、缺乏控制、角色冲突等有关。呼吁从社会、组织层面深入研究我国医生的职业倦怠。     

Unemployment and civil commitment: a test of the intolerance hypothesis

We theorize that the reported association between economic indicators and the incidence of civil commitment for mental illness may result, at least in part, from reduced tolerance in the community for impaired behavior among minorities. Earlier work suggests that economically induced intolerance will be focused primarily on minority males. Based on this literature, we hypothesize that the median level of functioning among African-American males subjected to civil commitment will vary positively with earlier changes in the unemployment rate. The test applies Box-Jenkins methods to 156 months (August 1985-July 1998) of data from California. Consistent with theory, results support the hypothesis.