On the representation of language in the right hemisphere of right-handed people.

Laterality experiments using reaction time were conducted to assess the performance of the right hemisphere of normal people on verbal tasks. The results show that if the task calls for pictorial encoding of visually presented verbal material, then the right hemisphere's performance is superior to that of the left. When the task calls for linguistic analysis, the minor hemisphere displays no aptitude in dealing with the task. The latter finding is at variance with data from split-brain research. To reconcile these differences, it was proposed that language functions, though represented in the right hemisphere of normal people, are functionally localized in the left. When the control which the left hemisphere exerts over the right is weakened or removed, e.g., by commissurotomy, right hemisphere language is released. The application of this model to other neurological phenomena is briefly discussed.     

Monaural right-ear advantage in a target-identification task

Subjects were monaurally presented with consonant—vowel syllables to the right or left ear, with or without simultaneous noise to the other ear. The subject's task on each trial was to indicate whether or not the item presented was the target item /ba/. A right-ear advantage in reaction time was obtained: 14 msec for target items, 6 msec for nontarget items. The size of this effect was comparable in the presence vs. absence of competing noise. No consistent individual differences were found in the size of the right-ear advantage for this task, although such differences were obtained in a dichotic-perception pretest.It is argued that data of this type do not permit inferences about the use of particular ear/hemisphere neural pathways.     

Influence of linguistic complexity,rate of presentation,and interphrase pause time on auditory-verbal comprehension of adult aphasic patients

Among the variables affecting comprehension of linguistic stimuli by aphasic subjects are syntactic complexity and processing time. Comprehension performance of 15 aphasic adults was studied while altering the rate of speech presentation and varying the pause time between the major phrases within sentences of increasing grammatical complexity.Simple Active Affirmative Declarative Sentences, Negative, and Passive sentences were presented (1) at the rate of 150 words per minute (wpm) with 1-sec interphrase pause time (IPT); (2) 150 wpm with no pauses; (3) 120 wpm with 1-sec IPT; (4) 120 wpm with no pauses added.Performance was seen to vary with increasing syntactical complexity and as a function of processing time. Greater comprehension was seen with active affirmative than negative; greater with passive affirmative than with active negative. Clinical implications are discussed. Subjects demonstrated greater comprehension when sentences were presented at slower than normal rate; addition of interphrase pause time intervals aided comprehension. Combining slower rate of presentation and IPT intervals provided greatest increase in auditory processing time and showed concomitant increase in comprehension performance.     

多媒体环境下图文的具体程度对学习效果的影响

让70名小学生在多媒体环境中学习概念材料与原理材料,以探讨文本和图画材料的具体程度对学习迁移效果的影响。结果表明,在概念材料上,文本与图画的具体性程度之间存在显著的交互作用,即在具体图水平上,具体文的迁移成绩显著高于抽象文;在抽象图水平上,具体文的迁移成绩低于抽象文,但没有达到显著性水平。在原理材料上,文本与图画的具体性程度之间也存在显著的交互作用,但交互作用的方式与概念材料相反,即在具体图水平上,具体文的迁移成绩显著低于抽象文;在抽象图水平上,具体文的迁移成绩高于抽象文,但没有达到显著水平。     

大学生的成就动机和成功恐惧研究

运用成就动机问卷和投射测验研究了大学生的成就动机和成功恐惧。结果表明 ,大学生的成功恐惧有四种 ,分别与人际、家庭、学业和事业有关。由投射测验引起的成功恐惧有明显的性别差异和专业差异。成就动机、追求成功的动机与成功恐惧负相关显著 ,避免失败的动机与成功恐惧正相关显著。     

样例的子目标编码对新问题解决中原理通达的作用

通过 3个实验 ,分别研究了样例的不同编码对消除由于表面概貌和表面对应变化对原理通达带来的消极影响的作用以及样例学习中原例概化的形成阶段。实验结果表明 :样例解题步骤的子目标编码有助于消除由于表面内容变化对原理通达带来的消极影响 ;子目标学习使学习者在样例学习阶段就形成了关于原理的概化。     

意识的四个要素理论

基于实验事实 ,提出了意识内部结构的观念。按照本文提出的意识的四个要素理论 ,意识由意识的四个要素及它们之间的相互作用组成。意识的四个要素是意识觉醒、意识内容、意识指向和意识感情。讨论了意识四个要素的脑机制     

弱智儿童感知动作技能特点的实验研究

本研究以难易程度不同的两个打洞操作作业 ,对弱智儿童和正常儿童的感知 动作技能进行了多种参数的测查。结果发现 :两类儿童在理解操作要点、操作速度、操作动作协调性以及操作正确性等各个方面都有明显的差异。同时通过比较 ,对弱智儿童感知 动作技能的特点 ,从外部肢体动作方式和内部智力动作方式两方面进行了详细的分析 ,并在此基础上对弱智儿童的感知 动作技能的教育与训练提出了建议 ,这对弱智学校改革教学、提高教学质量具有重要意义。     

管理者影响策略的结构

本研究根据中国企事业组织内管理者对他人发挥影响力的特点 ,选取反映中国文化的影响计策编成题目 ,并与西方背景下构建的组织影响策略量表汇编成问卷。 2 1 8位中国管理者用汇编的问卷评定他们与直接上司和直接下属在工作中相处时使用这些计策的频率。结果发现 ,在因素水平有“应变控制”和“温情说服”两个正交因素。这两个因素跨影响方向一致。对各因素内的题目做聚类分析 ,发现大多数聚类的内容跨影响方向的一致性不高。与西方的组织策略量表对照 ,因新题目的加入 ,汇编的影响计策量表内的聚类更好地反映了中国管理者使用影响计策的特点。