早发性抑郁及其神经基础

儿童期和青少年期抑郁（早发性抑郁）表现出与成年期抑郁不同的一些临床症状、药物疗效和生理反应特征,导致这些差异的神经生物学基础目前尚不清楚。儿童期和青少年期神经系统的发展变化可能参与早发性抑郁的病生理,尤其是单胺能神经递质系统结构和功能的变化与早发性抑郁的生理和药物治疗反应密切相关。早发性抑郁动物模型的建立是研究早发性抑郁脑机制的基础,未来研究的重点是发展有效的早发性抑郁治疗药物和早期心理行为干预技术     

北京中学生的消费价值观与消费行为

对北京青少年的消费价值观和消费行为进行了探索性研究 ,被试为 13～ 19岁中学、职高及技校在校各年级学生 4193人 (男 10 86人 ,女 2 387人 ) ,用自编的中学生消费问卷、青少年亲子关系问卷、个人主义 -集体主义量表进行集体施测。因素分析结果表明 ,消费价值观包含保持勤俭传统、追求现代生活和消费压力 3个因素 ,北京大多数中学生的消费价值观是倾向于保持勤俭传统 ,贫富差距和消费能力的差距对大多数中学生来说没有构成压力。因素分析结果将青少年的消费行为分为谨慎型、流行型、实际型和攀比型 4种消费行为类型 ,谨慎型消费是北京中学生消费行为的主流。消费价值观与消费行为之间有着特定的关系。根据消费社会化理论对影响青少年消费价值观和行为的因素进行了分析 ,结果表明家庭社会经济地位和亲子关系都对青少年的消费模式产生影响。     

青少年学生的自立人格

经过5个步骤编制出了人格特质词的《大学生问卷》、《高中生问卷》、《初中生问卷》和《青少年学生问卷》,分别对大学生、高中生和初中生进行调查和探索性因素分析。结果发现：①《大学生问卷》显示的自立人格包括主动性、开放性、人际责任、积极性和独立性五个维度;②《高中生问卷》显示的自立人格包括人际开放与责任性、灵活与独立性、主动性和行为责任四个维度;③《初中生问卷》显示的自立人格包括主动与行为责任、开放性、人际责任、积极性、灵活与独立性五个维度;④《青少年学生问卷》显示的自立人格包括灵活与独立性、责任性、主动性、人际开放四个维度。最后,对自立人格构念的合理性、自立人格中“开放性”与“责任性”维度的特点、青少年学生自立人格结构的一致性程度以及本研究在探索自立人格结构方面的优劣等问题进行了讨论     

Prenatal attachment in future parents of twins

The present study aims at contributing to a better understanding of prenatal attachment in parents expecting twins. In particular, the relationship between prenatal attachment (measured with the Questionnaire for Antenatal Emotional Attachment) and three other psychosocial factors—the parents' psychosocial well-being and the quality of the marital relationship (respectively assessed with the General Health Questionnaire and the Relational Interactional Satisfaction Scale) and the presence of older children in the family—was investigated in both future mothers and fathers at 27 weeks of gestation. Multiple regression analysis revealed no significant relationship between the intensity of prenatal attachment and either of the three variables. For the mothers, a significant positive relationship was found between the quality of attachment on the one hand and psychosocial well-being and quality of the marital relationship on the other hand. For the fathers, the quality of attachment was only significantly predicted by the quality of the marital relationship. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Maternal Sensitivity: Individual,Contextual and Cultural Factors in Recent Conceptualizations

Over the past three decades, numerous investigators have stressed the importance of maternal sensitivity in children's social and cognitive development. The various contributors to this thematic issue take different yet complementary approaches to the definition of early maternal sensitivity, focusing on mothers' responsiveness, joint topic focus with child, affect, involvement and structuring of the physical and social environments of the child. The populations represented in these writings are diverse, including middle-class and poorer families, children with and without special needs and families from a range of cultural groups. Individual and contextual factors are discussed as influencing the expression of maternal sensitivity and as both mediating and moderating relations between maternal sensitivity and diverse child outcomes. Together, this collection of writings underscores the multidimensional character of maternal sensitivity, the specialized nature of its influence and the relevance of studying maternal sensitivity within a comprehensive ecological framework. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sharing Attention to Toys: Adolescent Mother–Toddler versus Adult Mother–Toddler Dyads

This study examined whether there were differences in the joint attention behaviours of adolescent mothers and toddlers and adult mothers and toddlers. The timing of mothers' attention-directing behaviours (i.e. maintaining, introducing and redirecting) as well as the specific behaviours (i.e. showing, offering and demon-strating toy) they used to direct their toddlers' attention to toys were observed. The observers also coded the specific joint attention behaviours that the toddlers used. The findings showed that the adolescent mothers redirected their toddlers' attention away from a toy they were interested in to a different toy more often and used fewer introducing behaviours than the adult mothers. Toddler age was also inversely related to mothers' redirecting behaviour. The results also indicated that the adolescent mothers demonstrated toys and interfered with their toddlers' ongoing play behaviour more frequently than the adult mothers. Toddler age was also inversely related to the frequency with which both groups of mothers demonstrated toys and positively related to the frequency with which mothers showed toys. The toddlers born to the adolescent mothers showed fewer social initiations and a higher frequency of non-verbal responses than the toddlers born to the adult mothers. Toddler age was negatively related to the frequency of non-verbal responses.     

Life at Home: Same Time,Different Places — An Examination of the HOME Inventory in Different Cultures

In this paper we review literature on the use of the HOME Inventory across cultures. We address issues pertaining to measurement equivalence and validity. Specifically, we focus on: (a) changes in the content of HOME made by researchers, (b) distributional properties of HOME scores, (c) the factor structure of HOME, and (d) correlations between HOME, family characteristics, child characteristics and environmental conditions. In most affluent, western countries, with their individualist orientations, HOME was used essentially as it was originally constructed. Researchers in less industrialized, more collectivist countries tended to express greater scepticism about the appropriateness of some HOME items, and several teams of researchers made modifications in the instrument. The HOME total score showed theoretically meaningful (and similar) correlations with family structure, family status and child outcome measures across many cultures. Evidence attesting to the cultural equivalence (and validity) of HOME subscales was far less plentiful and compelling. In general, there seemed greater cross-cultural equivalence for items assessing cognitively stimulating aspects of the environment than for items assessing socioemotional support. The usefulness of the Inventory in other cultures and for cross-cultural comparisons depends on the purposes one has for using a measure of the home environment. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Success at Catching and Keeping Toddler's Attention: An Examination of Joint Attention Among Low-Income Mothers and Their 2-Year-Olds

Recent research suggests that competent caregiving by low-income parents may serve to buffer young children from some of the deleterious consequences of economic hardship. As one means of exploring competent caregiving in the context of poverty, this study examined the structuring of joint attention among 47 low-income mothers and their 24-month-old toddlers. Findings revealed that, on the whole, dyads spent approximately half of a 10-minute play period in bouts of collaborative joint attention. While mothers made social overtures, or bids, more frequently than children, children played a significant role in initiating bouts of joint attention. Highly engaged dyads generated significantly higher numbers of reciprocal maternal bids and fewer reciprocal child bids overall than did disengaged dyads. Sequential analyses suggested that reciprocal bids initiated by children were likely to lead to periods of collaborative joint attention among engaged dyads, but not among disengaged dyads. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

社会退缩青少年的友谊特点

用社会测量法和问卷法调查了初一到初三120对社会退缩儿童友伴的友谊状况。结果显示:(1)退缩男孩组的友谊质量低于女孩组和混合性别组;(2)与非退缩对照组儿童的友谊相比,退缩儿童在班级内的地位较为不利,但其友谊能够发挥正常的功能;(3)多元回归表明受欺侮和亲密交流对退缩行为的正向预测作用较强。建议从群体角度、友谊特性及适应后果等不同层面来综合判断儿童的社会退缩行为。     

Preschool child care and parents' use of physical discipline

Parenting practices, including the use of physical discipline, are shaped by multiple influences. Although much research focuses on how parent, child, and dyadic characteristics shape parenting practices, extra‐familial resources may also play a role. This paper focuses on how children's experiences of child care during the preschool years may affect one aspect of parenting—discipline practices. Using a rich, nationally representative data set, we explore the correlation between children's participation in centre based care, Head Start, or other non‐parental care arrangements and parents' use of physical discipline, and related phenomena, parents' experience of domestic violence and parenting stress. We conduct probit regressions of parents' use of physical discipline, and parents' experiences of domestic violence, on preschool child care experiences. For disadvantaged groups of children, who have higher risks of experiencing physical discipline and witnessing family violence, we find that Head Start participation is associated with an increase in the likelihood that parents say they never spank their children and reduction in reports of domestic violence. And, for children in two‐parent families, Head Start is associated with an increase in the likelihood that parents say they never spank their children and the likelihood that they do not say they would resort to spanking in a hypothetical situation. However, we find no evidence that non‐parental child care is associated with a lasting reduction in parenting stress. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.