NICOTINE FADING AND SELF-MONITORING FOR CIGARETTE ABSTINENCE OR CONTROLLED SMOKING

This study compared four treatment approaches to cigarette smoking: (1) a nicotine fading procedure, in which subjects changed their cigarette brands each week to ones containing progressively less nicotine and tar; (2) a self-monitoring procedure in which subjects plotted their daily intake of nicotine and tar; (3) a combined nicotine fading/self-monitoring procedure; and (4) a slightly modified American Cancer Society Stop Smoking Program. Thirty-eight habitual smokers were assigned to one of the treatment groups. The study had two goals: (1) to achieve a clinically significant percentage of abstinence, and (2) to reduce the nonabstainers' smoking to a “safer” level by having them smoke low tar and nicotine cigarettes. The 18-month followup results showed that the nicotine fading/self-monitoring group was the most successful: 40 per cent were abstinent and all who had not quit were smoking cigarettes lower in tar and nicotine than their baseline brands. Half the nonabstainers had decreased their rate of smoking relative to baseline while the other half had increased. Furthermore, the fading/self-monitoring group achieved the largest reductions from baseline in daily nicotine and tar intake (61% and 70% respectively). The results suggest that the study's goals were achieved and that the nonaversive combined procedure could be used to treat not only habitual smokers but also smokers with severe cardiovascular and respiratory problems, because it does not have some of the inherent limitations of the successful aversive smoking cessation procedures.     

Mind-over-body beliefs in sport and exercise: A driving force for training volume and performance,but with risks for exercise addiction

We assume that athletic success is associated with certain beliefs that on the one hand promote performance-enhancing behavior (training volume), but on the other hand can also be detrimental to health (sports addiction). These beliefs are succinctly characterized by the title of the 9-item “Mind-over-Body” scale presented here. They are the three beliefs that 1) athletic performance requires a high level of effort, 2) that willpower plays an important role in athletic success, and 3) that athletic success requires pain tolerance. A total of six web-survey-based studies with a total of 1121 participants (approximately gender parity), including individuals with different levels of athletic performance (no competition; amateur sport; regional, national, or international competition), examined the psychometric network and construct and criterion validity of the MoB scale. Exploratory graph analyses, which included the studies with the largest sample sizes, showed that the three belief components (effort, willpower, pain) form separable communities within the MoB network and that the MoB items form communities distinct from self-control and self-efficacy. Meta-analyzed correlations across all six studies showed low positive correlations with self-control and self-efficacy. In terms of criterion validity, MoB beliefs were positively correlated with training volume and exercise addiction. We discuss MoBs as “on the edge of unhealthy” and place MOBs within a framework of related but distinct concepts.     

The Relationship between Workplace Status and Workplace Religious Expression

A growing body of literature explores religious expression in workplaces, but comparatively little research examines how religious expression might be shaped by inequality in workplace status. We hypothesize that perceived work autonomy and socioeconomic status (SES) both function as mediating links between organizational status and religious expression. Drawing on a sample of employed adults from a nationally-representative survey in the United States (n = 8611), we examine three modes of religious expression at work: displaying faith, feeling comfortable talking about faith, and expressing views when observing unfair work practices that conflict with faith. Results revealed that workers at the bottom of their organizations express their religiosity less than those at the top. Religious expression in the workplace is thus not simply a reflection of individual religiosity or religious identity, but also workplace power. Although perceived work autonomy mediated the relationship, SES buffered the relationship. Findings have important implications for workplace policy.     

Characteristics of incarcerated women's participation in groups: Exploring the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies United States prison dataset

This study employs logistic regression and latent class analyses to explore the relationship between incarcerated women's (n = 252) participation in nonacademic prison groups/skills classes and their demographic (e.g., education) and prison context (e.g., time to release) characteristics, using the 2014 Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies United States prison dataset. Time to release was a significant factor in readiness class participation. Time to release and race/ethnicity were significant factors in addiction group participation. Education level had the largest effect size across all groups/classes explored. We discuss counseling implications for using group/class screening to connect with incarcerated women, especially those with intersecting and historically marginalized identities.     

网络游戏体验的概念、测量及相关因素

获得愉悦的游戏体验是网络游戏玩家最重要的游戏目的与动机之一。所谓网络游戏体验,是指网络游戏玩家和网络游戏诸要素在一定游戏情境下交互作用产生的认知和情绪反应。本文在网络游戏体验概念界定的基础上,着重介绍了网络游戏体验的结构、类型及测量方法,概述了网络游戏体验的前因和后果变量。文章最后指出,完善网络游戏体验的测量方式、改进网络游戏体验的研究方法、澄清网络游戏体验与网络游戏成瘾的关系、拓展网络游戏体验的应用研究是未来研究的方向。     

物质成瘾人群金钱奖赏加工的异常机制及可恢复性

长期的成瘾物质使用造成奖赏系统的变化是成瘾过程发展和维持的关键, 这种病理性变化反过来会对奖赏系统的调节功能产生不利的影响, 引起认知表现和日常功能方面的障碍。近年来大量的功能性核磁共振成像研究表明物质成瘾人群的金钱奖赏加工相关的腹侧纹状体及其它奖赏脑区激活存在异常。而奖赏加工相关的纹状体激活可以作为治疗效果的预测器和临床恢复的指标; 这种奖赏加工异常可以通过戒断有所恢复。今后的研究需要进一步补充奖赏加工的事件相关电位研究, 研究物质成瘾人群奖赏加工的特异性, 并增加对家庭物质依赖史个体的奖赏加工研究, 以及奖赏与执行功能的交互作用机制的研究。     

新颖寻求特质对药物成瘾易感性的影响及其机制

新颖寻求特质是个体对新颖刺激或潜在的奖赏线索表现出愉悦或兴奋的先天倾向, 并且这种先天倾向会导致个体为寻求潜在的奖赏进行频繁的探索性活动。众多研究表明, 新颖寻求水平高的个体药物成瘾易感性高。多巴胺、5-羟色胺、谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸、胆囊收缩素、成纤维细胞生长因子及皮质酮可能参与了新颖寻求特质影响药物成瘾易感性的过程。未来, 仍需对新颖寻求特质影响药物成瘾易感性的神经生物学机制进行深入研究。     

Narcissism, Perfectionism, and Self-Termination from Treatment in Outpatient Cocaine Users

This study examines perfectionism in individuals with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV, Text Revised [American Psychiatric Association, 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Text revision (DSM-TV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association] diagnosis of Narcissistic Personality Disorder and a coexisting diagnosis of cocaine abuse or dependence. Participating clients were treated in outpatient settings that provided cognitive-behavioral therapy. Clients were administered Hewitt and Flett's (1991b) [Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456-470] Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale prior to treatment. Scores for dimensions of perfectionism were compared with those obtained from cocaine abusers in treatment with diagnoses of Antisocial Personality or Affective Disorder. Clients with Narcissistic Personality Disorder were characterized by relatively higher levels of other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Survival analysis suggests that self-termination from treatment by cocaine-abusing clients with a diagnosis of Narcissistic Disorder is related to high levels of other-oriented perfectionism. The clinical implications and limits of this study are discussed.     

台湾网络成瘾问题硕博士学术研究现况

综观台湾近几年来网络成瘾问题硕搏士研究论文：（1）研究方法采用问卷调查法、质性研究法、类实验设计法等三种型态作研究;（2）研究对象包含高中生、大学生、大学及研究生;（3）研究工具包括中文网络成瘾量表（C1AS）、上网效果正向预期量表、网效果负向预期量表、拒网自我效能量表网络使用调查表等共20种;（4）研究网络成瘾相关变项包括盛行率、性别、上网时数、游戏种类与成瘾的相关性、网络成瘾之认知模式等。长期使用网络在心理层面会形成依赖,在生理层面会形成一些类似戒断反映的症状,因此在享受科技化之际,去了解及认识它对人类各种身心社会的影响力势在必行,去思索改善不良的影响是研究者的责任及使命。