Errorless Learning in the Rehabilitation of Memory Impairment: A Critical Review

This review considers the origins of the errorless learning (EL) concept, its application in memory rehabilitation, the evidence for its effectiveness, and the theoretical basis for the observed findings. The evidence suggests that EL offers valuable benefits for at least some people with memory impairments when teaching certain types of tasks. However, the benefits are not evident for all groups, some findings are equivocal, and there are some limitations associated with this approach. We discuss methodological issues impacting on these mixed findings, consider which theoretical explanations might account for the findings regarding benefits and limitations of EL, and comment on the implications for rehabilitation practitioners of the current state of evidence in this area.     

认知诊断计算机化自适应测验中的项目增补

项目的增补对认知诊断计算机化自适应测验(CD-CAT)题库的开发与维护至关重要。借鉴单维项目反应理论(IRT)中联合极大似然估计方法(JMLE)的思路, 提出联合估计算法(JEA), 仅依赖被试在旧题和新题上的作答反应联合地、自动地估计新题的属性向量和新题的项目参数。研究结果表明：当项目参数相对较小且样本量相对较大时, JEA算法在新题属性向量和新题项目参数估计精度方面表现不错; 而且样本大小、项目参数大小以及项目参数初值都影响着JEA算法的表现。     

计算机化自适应诊断测验中原始题的属性标定

认知诊断测验项目开发成本较高, 要标定大量项目的属性相当费时费力, 专家完成这一任务也比较困难。对于在计算机化自适应诊断测验中的项目属性的标定尚未见到报导。在已有的为诊断测验开发的小型题库基础上, 本文在计算机化自适应认知诊断测验过程中, 植入原始题, 对项目属性标定的问题进行探讨, 重点研究原始题属性标定的方法及其影响因素, 除了MMLE方法和MLE方法外, 还建立了一种新的可用于所有非补偿认知诊断模型的属性标定的方法—— 交差方法。Monte Carlo模拟结果显示, MMLE方法较MLE方法好; 在知识状态估计精度较高时, 自适应植入原始题较随机植入原始题有一定的优势; 随着知识状态估计精度提高和原始题作答次数增加, 交差方法与MLE方法基本相当, 只是在发散型和无结构型表现欠佳, 但是交差方法不需要预先设定项目参数值。     

身体活动对老年认知功能的影响

如何促进老年人的认知功能, 延缓认知老化, 是老年心理学的关键课题之一。大量研究表明不同的身体活动类型、活动强度、活动量以及生命早期的身体活动可能对老年人认知功能的各个方面有积极的影响, 包括执行功能、注意力、认知速度、记忆力等。此外, 选择性提高假说、心血管功能假说以及认知-锻炼模型用来解释这一影响机制。这些发现对维护老年人认知功能, 提高老年人的生命质量, 有效延缓衰老有着重要的意义。     

认知诊断测验蓝图的设计

通常认为由属性和项目关联阵（即Q矩阵）的列对应的项目充任认知诊断测验中行为样本,其实这种做法不能有效防止理想反应模式的误判。如在测验之前便可确定欲测之属性及层级关系,找到可达阵,可证明可达阵的各个列对应的项目类在认知诊断测验中必不可少,否则在理想反应模式下就一定有一些被试会被误判。本文给出充分必要Q矩阵的概念,以区别Tatsuoka(1995,2009) 讨论过的充分Q矩阵概念。充分必要Q矩阵才能有效指导测验的编制。     

对语言神经机制的新认识

本文针对语言神经机制的研究现状,分析了失语症和裂脑人研究的成果,并且较为详细地介绍了最近十年脑功能成像得到的有关语言神经活动的新成就,在此基础上,提出了一种动态分布式竞争的解释理论,用来解释语言神经活动现象和规律,并进一步借以说明言语意识的产生机制。     

Heart rate variability during sympatho-excitatory challenges: Comparison between spontaneous and metronomic breathing

Respiration influences heart rate variability, leading to the suggestion that respiration should be controlled to assess autonomic function by using heart rate variability. Clearly, control of respiration is advantageous or even essential in several experimental circumstances. However, control of respiration, by itself, produces a small, but significant, increase in mean heart rate and a decrease in respiratory synchronous variation in heart rate. We tested whether, in some experimental situations, it may be possible to arrive at similar interpretation about autonomic function with and without using control of respiratory rate. heart rate spectral powers from nine subjects were compared between spontaneous and metronomic breathing during two sympatho-excitatory stresses, lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and head up tilt (HUT). The normalized spectral powers in supine and HUT during spontaneous breathing were: 0.43 and 0.75 in very low (VLF) and 0.28 and 0.09 in high frequency (HF) regions. The powers during metronomic breathing were: 0.36 and 0.82 (VLF) and 0.36 and 0.09 (HF). The powers in supine and LBNP during spontaneous breathing were: 0.43 and 0.81 (VLF) and 0.28 and 0.06 (HF). The powers during metronomic breathing were: 0.36 and 0.80 (VLF) and 0.36 and 0.07 (HF). All p values were <0.05. Therefore, changes in heart rate spectral powers during HUT and LBNP were similar during metronomic breathing and spontaneous breathing. These results suggest that in experimental designs such as in our study, using metronomic breathing may not provide any additional insight into autonomic function than that can be obtained during spontaneous breathing.     

Quantum mechanics and violations of the sure-thing principle: The use of probability interference and other concepts

The use of quantum mechanical concepts in social science is a fairly new phenomenon. This paper uses one of quantum mechanics’ most basic concepts, probability interference, to explain the violation of an important decision theory principle (the ‘sure-thing principle’). We also attempt to introduce other quantum mechanical concepts in relation to the sure-thing principle violation.     

Violation of the transitivity axiom may explain why, in empirical studies, a significant number of subjects violate GARP

Most papers using experimental data find that a significant number of agents are not utility function maximizers. Using three experimental datasets, we provide empirical evidence that these violations of utility function maximizing behavior are simply generated by a violation of the preference transitivity axiom. Moreover, we find that 97% of agents’ behavior is consistent with maximization of a generalized utility function called a variable intervals function (which corresponds to a numerical representation of complete-acyclic preferences).