公共卫生的作用及政府职责

从20世纪人类健康的进步的贡献和2003年非典危机的爆发,都反映了公共卫生的作用,公共卫生投入对国家社会经济发展和政治及宏观经济的稳定具有不可忽视的作用和不可取代的贡献.理论研究和实证研究揭示了政府公共卫生投入与健康指标的关联,政府为全体人民提供基本公共卫生产品的必要性.而政府提供基本公共卫生服务和保障基本公共卫生产品供给的重要前提是确保政府预算对公共卫生的投入,使其对人民健康产生正向的积极促进作用.明确各级政府在公共卫生中的责任,实行分级管理和考核监督机制,是急待研究和解决的问题.进一步加大政府对公共卫生政府投入水平和改善投入机制,是今后强化中国政府公共卫生职责的一个突破口.     

青少年异性交往心理问题研究综述

异性交往对青少年的成长与发展具有极其积傲的功能：(1)能够促进自我同一感的发展;(2)有利于增进心理健康;(3)有助于增进友谊．并为日后获得成熟爱情积累经验：同时．青少年异性交往存在不少心理问题。并且．对青少年的异性交往仍存在着教育误区．主要表现为不当的教育观念和教育方式,当前．有关青少年异性交往的研究主要集中在：e3q青a少年异性交往的发展阶段、特点、影响因素和教育构想,缺乏对青少年异性交往心理问题的研究,研究领域较为狭窄;理论研究多．实证研究少;缺乏专门、科学的测量工具。     

论友善

友善的本义是指像朋友一样善良。作为公民道德规范的友善 ,本质上是指友好善良的公民伦理关系和公民秩序。公民关系和公民秩序应该友善 ,是因为 ,我们的良序社会及其公共领域 ,都是伦理性的合作体系。友善规范具有规范、创造、整合功能。友善规范是抽象的 ,它的实施需要细分为更具体的义务 ,即善益待人、和气待人、诚实待人、宽厚以待人、平等相待。友善也是公民的一种主要道德品质 ,公民由之在公共领域做出友善的事情和行为友善。当前公民对于友善患有三症 ,即友善情感上的冷默症、友善行为上的推卸症、友善结果上的恐惧症。克服这三种症状 ,需要伦理、道德、管理等相结合 ,从伦理上建设公民关系和公共秩序。     

传统思想中的“礼”和“礼仪”——兼论“礼”和“礼仪”的道德功能

我国对“礼”和“礼仪”的认识经历了曲折的过程。传统道德中许多关于“礼”和“礼仪”的论述 ,包含着合理的思想内核。我们要很好地利用这笔财富 ,充分发挥它的道德功能 ,广泛地开展礼仪教育 ,加强公民道德建设和社会主义精神文明建设。     

The extent of working memory deficits associated with Williams syndrome: exploration of verbal and spatial domains and executively controlled processes

The present study investigated verbal and spatial working memory (WM) functioning in individuals with the neuro-developmental disorder Williams syndrome (WS) using WM component tasks. While there is strong evidence of WM impairments in WS, previous research has focused on short-term memory and has neglected assessment of executive components of WM. There is a particular lack of consensus concerning the profile of verbal WM functioning in WS. Here, WS participants were compared to typically developing participants matched for (1) verbal ability and (2) spatial ability (N = 14 in each of the 3 groups). Individuals with WS were impaired on verbal WM tasks, both those involving short-term maintenance of information and executive manipulation, in comparison to verbal-matched controls. Surprisingly, individuals with WS were not impaired on a spatial task assessing short-term maintenance of information in memory (remembering spatial locations) compared to spatial-matched controls. They were, however, impaired on a spatial executive WM task requiring the manipulation of spatial information in memory. The present study suggests that individuals with WS show WM impairments that extend to both verbal and spatial domains, although spatial deficits are selective to executive aspects of WM function.     

One night of sleep deprivation affects reaction time, but not interference or facilitation in a Stroop task

The Stroop color-naming task is one of the most widely studied tasks involving the inhibition of a prepotent response, regarded as an executive function. Several studies have examined performance on versions of the Stroop task under conditions of acute sleep deprivation. Though these studies revealed effects on Stroop performance, the results often do not differentiate between general effects of sleep deprivation on performance and effects specifically on interference in the Stroop task. To examine the effect of prolonged wakefulness on performance on the Stroop task, we studied participants in a 40-h "constant routine" protocol during which they remained awake in constant conditions and performed a Stroop color-naming task every two hours. We found that reaction time was slowest when the color and word did not match (incongruent), fastest when the color and word did match (congruent), and intermediate when participants named the color of the non-word stimulus (neutral). Performance on all three trial types degraded significantly as a function of time awake. Extended wakefulness did not significantly change the additional time needed to respond when the color and word did not match (Stroop interference), nor did it change the amount of facilitation when color and word matched. These results indicate that one night of sleep deprivation influences performance on the Stroop task by an overall increase in response time, but does not appear to impact the underlying processes of interference or facilitation. The results suggest that the degree to which an "executive function" is affected by sleep deprivation may depend on the particular executive function studied and the degree to which it is subserved by the prefrontal cortex.     

Executive functioning and prospective memory in young children

The current study examined the role of executive functioning (EF) in children's prospective memory (PM) by assessing the effect of delay and number of intentions to-be-remembered on PM, as well as relations between PM and EF. Ninety-six 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds completed a PM task and two executive function tasks. The PM task required children to interrupt an ongoing card game to perform one action (single intention) or two actions (dual intention) with target cards after a short delay (1 min) or a long delay (5 min). There was no main effect of number of intentions or delay on the PM task. However, performance improved with age, and age and delay interacted such that 4-year-olds’ performance remained the same after a long delay whereas 5-year-olds’ performance improved after a long delay. We suggest that the age by delay interaction is a product of age differences in cognitive monitoring. Working memory but not inhibitory control predicted PM with age controlled. We argue that an executive function framework permits an integrative understanding of many processes involved in young children's prospective memory.     

TACE术联合自体CIK细胞治疗原发性肝癌

探讨肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）联合自体细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（CIK）治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效。比较TACE术＋CIK组（治疗组）和TACE组（对照组）患者的免疫功能、临床疗效及副反应。结果表明,TACE术＋CIK与TACE术比较安全有效。因此,TACE术联合自体CIK细胞是治疗原发性肝癌的一种有效方法。     

学习时间在重复学习范式中的监测功能

通过让被试在自定步速的学习条件下完成重复学习任务,考察在重复学习范式中学习时间的监测功能。研究发现：在两次学习中,学习时间与学习判断等级和回忆成绩均有显著负相关;在第二次学习中,线索有效性不变,而随着线索利用率的提高,学习判断预测的准确性也显著提高。研究结果验证了学习时间的监测功能。