Les groupes de parole de prévention de la récidive en France : observation des effets produits

Recidivism prevention became the core of mission of the probation service in France. Support groups were created in order to bring probationers’ social skills to enhance their reentry into society. This article describes the effects of such groups by evaluation of their effects on 19 probationers divided into 4 groups. Observations show that the effects are different according to the apprehension of subject, mission and which pedagogy is employed. Different process produced different effects onto probationers.     

Autonomy,culture, and well-being: The benefits of inclusive autonomy

In an attempt to understand cultural variation in motivation, we distinguished between the type of motivation (ranging from controlled to autonomous, as conventionally measured) and the subject of motivation (“I” vs. “my family and I”), creating measures of individual and inclusive academic motivation. Support was found for three hypotheses. First, Chinese Canadian and Singaporean students felt less relative autonomy than European Canadian students, on both the inclusive and individual measures. Second, individual relative autonomy was associated with psychological well-being (WB) for European Canadians and Chinese Canadians (Study 1), and Singaporeans (Study 2). Third, inclusive relative autonomy was associated with psychological well-being for Chinese Canadians and Singaporeans, but not European Canadians. Exploratory analyses are also presented, and implications for the theory and measurement of autonomy are discussed.     

急性前壁心肌梗死患者直接PCI后阿托伐他汀不同用药剂量疗效比较

为探讨直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）首次急性前壁心肌梗死患者,在不同剂量他汀药物治疗后住院期间疗效比较,纳入首次诊断为急性前壁心肌梗死并接受直接PCI治疗的患者140例,随机分为强化治疗组和对照组。强化治疗组入院时顿服阿托伐他汀80mg,术后40mg／晚,直至出院;对照组口服阿托伐他汀20mg／晚。术前及术后、出院前测定心肌标记物,术前及出院前测定血浆氨基末端B型利钠肽前体（NT—proBNP）,采用彩色多普勒超声检测左室射血分数（LVEF）的变化,同时记录住院期间主要心脏不良事件（MACEs）的发生。结果出院时LVEF值差异无统计学意义（P=0．249）,NT—proBNP出院前较术前升高,对照组升高显著（P=0．000）。组间比较NT—proBNP,对照组显著高于强化组（P=0．020）。住院期间两组患者无MACEs发生。首次急性前壁心肌梗死患者直接PCI后,强化阿托伐他汀治疗短期内可改善左心功能。     

Effects of combining disparate groups in the analysis of ethnic differences: Variations among asian american mental health service consumers in level of community functioning

The Asian American population comprises historically, socially, and culturally diverse ethnic groups. Given this diversity, investigators caution that combining disparate ethnic groups together may lead to erroneous conclusions. Whether by choice or necessity, however, mental health studies still typically consider Asian Americans as a single ethnic category rather than as separate ethnic groups. Few investigations have addressed the consequences of this practice. This paper examines the implications of conceptualizing Asian Americans as an ethnic category versus ethnic groups, in an investigation of the community functioning status of clients in publicly funded mental health programs in King County, Washington. When treated as a single ethnic category in a multivariate linear regression model, Asian Americans are found to have a lower level of functioning difficulty than their white counterparts. However, when treated as separate ethnic groups (e.g., Vietnamese, Japanese), only one of five Asian ethnic groups has a significantly lower level of difficulty. In a separate analysis of the Asian American subsample, groups are found to differ significantly from one another with respect to functional status. Several factors, including refugee status, account for this difference.     

Parenting in Hawaii: Three cultural groups at the beach

This study shows systematic differences in parenting behaviour across three cultural groups in Hawaii. Japanese-, Caucasian- and Hawaiian-American parents (N =149) are observed as they interact with their young children at the beach. The observed families come to the beach in different groupings. Hawaiian groups are the largest, many consisting of five or more people. Most Japanese families resemble the ‘typical’ nuclear family: two parents and one or two children. More Caucasian and Hawaiian parents come to the beach alone with their children than do Japanese-American parents. Parents in the three groups spend their time differently. Japanese-American parents focus almost exclusively on their children. They play with, watch or take care of them for most of the observed time. They rarely engage in solitary activities, such as reading or sunbathing, or in social activities, such as talking with each other. Caucasian parents engage in solitary activities more frequently. They encourage children to entertain and care for themselves. Hawaiian parents interact extensively with other adults, and Hawaiian children play among themselves without prompting. The Hawaiian parents interact less frequently with their children than do parents in the other groups. These findings are discussed in terms of cultural differences in views of the parenting role, the range of people socializing children and childrearing emphases on independence vs dependence, aloneness vs social involvement and innovation vs imitation.     

A modern psychoanalytic approach to caregiver support groups

Caregiver support groups traditionally focus on education, reduction of social isolation, and supportive sharing. However, the support group literature has increasingly reflected an interest in the emotional effects of caregiving. While some authors promote the therapeutic value of supporting defenses against painful feelings, others have documented the value of encouraging their expression in groups. This paper is based on the author’s experience in co-leading an Alzheimer’s family support group, using a modern psychoanalytic approach which encourages the full expression of the caregivers’ emotional experience. Using emotional communication to explore resistances to intimacy and aggression in groups, the author demonstrates how the interplay of co-leadership and Modern Psychoanalytic theory and techniques promotes group cohesion and encourages maturational growth in group members. This model is also prescribed as an antidote to leader “burnout,” a not uncommon phenomenon for leaders of such emotionally charged groups. Private Practice, New York, New York.     

高血压治疗:百年历程、日益细化

人类对高血压的治疗是百年以来医学的重要成就.越来越多的证据表明,有效控制高血压是降低相关疾病发病、死亡、致残的重要手段.医学对高血压治疗药物、手段、方案的探索尚未止步,许多正在进展中.     

Constant vigilance: Heritage values and defensive pessimism in coping with severe acute respiratory syndrome in Singapore

The present study investigates the congruency of defensive pessimism in the Asian context and its role in coping with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis in Singapore. Data collected from 174 Singaporeans supported the hypothesized relationships among Chinese values, defensive pessimism, SARS-related fears, compliance to preventive health-related behaviors and negative outcomes. Path analysis revealed that individuals' endorsement of Chinese value clusters − prudence, industry, and civic harmony − positively predicted their levels of defensive pessimism. The results also indicated that defensive pessimism had a direct positive effect on SARS-related fears and, SARS-related fears, in turn, were directly related to direct preventive health-related behaviors but not related to indirect preventive behaviors. In addition to the indirect effect of Chinese values on direct preventive health-related behaviors, Chinese values had a direct positive effect on both direct and indirect preventive health-related behaviors. Consistent with our contention that defensive pessimism has the potential for leading to particular negative outcomes, defensive pessimism was found to influence negative outcomes but this relationship was partially mediated by SARS-related fears.     

刍议社会性弱势群体健康需要与供给

弱势群体包括生理性弱势群体和社会性弱势群体。社会结构转型使我国社会性弱势群体的问题日益凸显。特别是健康问题和它的弱势地位形成了“弱势——不健康——更弱势”的恶性循环中。从生理、心理、道德、社会四个层次探讨社会性弱势群体的健康需要以及健康服务的供给状况,以期找出社会性弱势群体健康需要与供给的矛盾,打破社会性弱势群体弱势的循环链,解决民生问题。