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961.
962.
Deborah G. Johnson 《Nanoethics》2007,1(1):21-30
After reviewing portions of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act that call for examination of societal and ethical issues, this essay seeks to understand how nanoethics can play a role in nanotechnology development. What can and should nanoethics aim to achieve? The focus of the essay is on the challenges of examining ethical issues with regard to a technology that is still emerging, still ‘in the making.’ The literature of science and technology studies (STS) is used to understand the nanotechnology endeavor in a way that makes room for influence by nanoethics. The analysis emphasizes: the contingency of technology and the many actors involved in its development; a conception of technology as sociotechnical systems; and, the values infused (in a variety of ways) in technology. Nanoethicists can be among the many actors who shape the meaning and materiality of an emerging technology. Nevertheless, there are dangers that nanoethicists should try to avoid. The possibility of being co-opted from working along side nanotechnology engineers and scientists is one danger that is inseparable from trying to influence. Related but somewhat different is the danger of not asking about the worthiness of the nanotechnology enterprise as a social investment in the future. 相似文献
963.
Nano-ethics as NEST-ethics: Patterns of Moral Argumentation About New and Emerging Science and Technology 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
There might not be a specific nano-ethics, but there definitely is an ethics of new & emerging science and technology (NEST),
with characteristic tropes and patterns of moral argumentation. Ethical discussion in and around nanoscience and technology
reflects such NEST-ethics. We offer an inventory of the arguments, and show patterns in their evolution, in arenas full of
proponents and opponents. We also show that there are some nano-specific issues: in how size matters, and when agency is delegated
to smart devices. Our overall approach is a pragmatist ethics, and we conclude that struggle (and learning) might be more
productive than models emphasizing consensus.
相似文献
Tsjalling SwierstraEmail: |
964.
Francesco Bartolucci 《Psychometrika》2007,72(2):141-157
We illustrate a class of multidimensional item response theory models in which the items are allowed to have different discriminating
power and the latent traits are represented through a vector having a discrete distribution. We also show how the hypothesis
of unidimensionality may be tested against a specific bidimensional alternative by using a likelihood ratio statistic between
two nested models in this class. For this aim, we also derive an asymptotically equivalent Wald test statistic which is faster
to compute. Moreover, we propose a hierarchical clustering algorithm which can be used, when the dimensionality of the latent
structure is completely unknown, for dividing items into groups referred to different latent traits. The approach is illustrated
through a simulation study and an application to a dataset collected within the National Assessment of Educational Progress,
1996.
The author would like to thank the Editor, an Associate Editor and three anonymous referees for stimulating comments. I also
thank L. Scaccia, F. Pennoni and M. Lupparelli for having done part of the simulations. 相似文献
965.
George Voutsadakis 《Studia Logica》2007,85(2):215-249
Two classes of π are studied whose properties are similar to those of the protoalgebraic deductive systems of Blok and Pigozzi. The first
is the class of N-protoalgebraic π-institutions and the second is the wider class of N-prealgebraic π-institutions. Several characterizations are provided. For instance, N-prealgebraic π-institutions are exactly those π-institutions that satisfy monotonicity of the N-Leibniz operator on theory systems and N-protoalgebraic π-institutions those that satisfy monotonicity of the N-Leibniz operator on theory families. Analogs of the correspondence property of Blok and Pigozzi for π-institutions are also introduced and their connections with preand protoalgebraicity are explored. Finally, relations of
these two classes with the (, N)-algebraic systems, introduced previously by the author as an analog of the -algebras of Font and Jansana, and with an analog of the Suszko operator of Czelakowski for π-institutions are also investigated.
Presented by Josep Maria Font 相似文献
966.
Janzen R Nelson G Hausfather N Ochocka J 《American journal of community psychology》2007,39(3-4):287-299
Since the 1970s mental health consumer-run organizations have come to offer not only mutual support, but they have also adopted
agendas for broader social change. Despite an awareness of the need for system level efforts that create supportive environments
for their members, there has been limited research demonstrating how their system level activities can be documented or their
impacts evaluated. The purpose of this paper is to feature a method of evaluating systems change activities and impacts. The
paper is based on a longitudinal study evaluating four mental health consumer-run organizations in Ontario, Canada. The study
tracked system level activities and impacts using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The article begins by describing
the development and implementation of these methods. Next it offers a critical analysis of the methods used. It concludes
by reflecting on three lessons learned about capturing system level activities and impacts of mental health consumer-run organizations. 相似文献
967.
The ability of welfare-to-work clients to leave the welfare rolls and stay in the labor force is often limited by the work barriers they face. Using a sample of 1,404 female welfare-to-work clients we first examined the structure of work barriers and then tested their contribution to current work status in the context of a structural equation model that incorporated other central pathways to employment. Whereas work barriers included diverse factors ranging from lack of transportation to low quality jobs, they were shown to constitute a uni-dimensional construct. Furthermore, work barriers had a net adverse effect on employment outcomes, controlling for job search self-efficacy and employment intention. We conclude with discussion of implications for the development of welfare-to-work programs and interventions that target low-income women. 相似文献
968.
Michael F. Steger Brian M. Hicks Todd B. Kashdan Robert F. Krueger Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. 《Journal of research in personality》2007
Virtually all human individual differences have been shown to be moderately heritable. Much of this research, however, focuses on measures of dysfunctional behavior and relatively fewer studies have focused on positive traits. The values in action (VIA) project is a comprehensive and ambitious classification of 24 positive traits, also known as character strengths (Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), the majority of which have received no behavior genetic attention. Using a sample of 336 middle-aged twins drawn from the Minnesota Twin Registry who completed the VIA inventory of strengths, we detected significant genetic and non-shared environmental effects for 21 of 24 character strengths with little evidence of shared environmental contributions. Associations with a previously administered measure of normal personality found moderate phenotypic overlap and that genetic influences on personality traits could account for most, but not all, of the heritable variance in character strengths. 相似文献
969.
We investigated the continuity of personality constructs in the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project, a cohort-sequential study encompassing development from early childhood to adolescence with five annual or biennial assessments. Sociability and Hostility, assessed by teachers' ratings of children's behaviors at each assessment, were related to the traits comprising the Five-Factor model assessed by teachers' ratings at the fifth assessment. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that Sociability and Hostility were reliably measured at each assessment, and these constructs were relatively stable over time (mean rank-order stability coefficients over intervals of 1-5 years were .50 and .43, respectively). Sociability was most strongly associated (positively) with Extraversion, and Hostility was most strongly associated (negatively) with Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability. No differences were found for younger versus older children. Implications for measuring childhood personality traits using teachers' reports of early childhood behavior are discussed. 相似文献
970.