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911.
公共领域中的集群效能研究述评 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
公共领域中的集群效能是指公众通过分享所在地区的公共信任和社会凝聚力, 从而对于共同努力实现所在地区特定目标的一种集体信念和预期。公共领域中的集群效能有其独特的测量方法和研究结论, 集群效能的相关前因变量可以分为社会认同、社会经济地位和社会参与, 集群效能的相关影响作用研究可以分为公共安全、政治行为、公共卫生三个领域内的研究。文章最后指出未来在公共领域中集群效能研究有必要加强作用机制、动态变化等方面的探讨。 相似文献
912.
John HYMAN 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(3):358-368
This paper argues that we need to distinguish between two different ideas of a reason: first, the idea of a premise or assumption,
from which a person’s action or deliberation can proceed; second, the idea of a fact by which a person can be guided, when
he modifies his thought or behaviour in some way. It argues further that if we have the first idea in mind, one can act for
the reason that p regardless of whether it is the case that p, and regardless of whether one believes that p. But if we have the second idea in mind, one cannot act for the reason that p unless one knows that p. The last part of the paper briefly indicates how the second idea of a reason can contribute to a larger argument, showing
that it is better to conceive of knowledge as a kind of ability than as a kind of belief. 相似文献
913.
人类日常动作有两种类型, 一是是对外界刺激的反应, 是一种自下而上的动作模式, 即感觉运动(sensorimotor)模式; 二是以人们头脑中的观念意图为基础, 由观念引导, 为了实现一个特定的目标而执行特定的动作, 是一种自上而下的动作模式, 即观念运动(ideomotor)模式。观念运动理论(ideomotor theory)所解释的就是以基于意图的动作。该理论经历了长期的演变, 一般动作执行与动作模仿领域内的行为与神经科学研究的证据初步证实了观念运动的理论构想与主要机制:共同编码机制与镜像神经机制。观念运动理论在贯通感知觉与动作方面具有重大意义, 由此还产生了共享环路模型(shared circuits model, SCM)等新近观点。此外, 观念运动理论还强调了目标和预期的重要地位。未来还需加强对动作与意图之间的通路, 以及动作的本体性效果等方面的研究。 相似文献
914.
915.
Elimination-by-aspects and generalised extreme value offer competing paradigms for the representation of a common behaviour, that of individual discrete choice. Observing certain consistencies in their mathematical structure, several eminent authors have commented on the degree of equivalence between the two paradigms. Most contributions to this debate have, however, been less than definitive. More fundamentally, the contributions lack consensus. We advance the debate by establishing formal mathematical conditions under which three-alternative tree models from the two paradigms are exactly equivalent. We then extend our analysis to consider more general models, showing that equivalence can be established for general tree models, but not for cross-nested models. 相似文献
916.
Ekman P. C. Tam 《Pastoral Psychology》2006,54(3):275-287
To consider a connection between the therapy model named under Virginia Satir and the practice of spiritual direction may
arouse suspicion. This paper, however, attempts to show that the link between the two is natural, sensible, and inspiring,
particularly for the part of spiritual direction. The first section of the paper first addresses the fact that spiritual direction,
with its unique focus, is not to be confused with psychotherapy, then, discusses the recognized need to seek a psychologically
sound model of spiritual direction. The second section describes some of the useful concepts in the Satir model and then relates
them to the various aspects of spiritual direction. It is believed that the Satir model of therapy can enrich the practice
of spiritual direction in a number of ways.
Ekman P. C. Tam is the Spiritual Director of Tao Fong Shan Christian Centre, Hong Kong. 相似文献
917.
This paper deals with optimal partitioning of limited testing time in order to achieve maximum total test score. Nonlinear
optimization theory was used to analyze this problem. A general case using a generic item response model is first presented.
A special case that applies a response time model proposed by Wang and Hanson (2005) is also presented. Theoretical properties
of the optimal solution are derived. Their practical implications to optimal test-taking strategies are also discussed. The
theoretical properties are in general agreement with the conventional advice to the examinees on pacing strategy. 相似文献
918.
919.
920.
A paradox of self-reference in beliefs in games is identified, which yields a game-theoretic impossibility theorem akin to Russell’s Paradox. An informal version of the paradox is that the following configuration of beliefs is impossible:Ann believes that Bob assumes thatAnn believes that Bob’s assumption is wrongThis is formalized to show that any belief model of a certain kind must have a ‘hole.’ An interpretation of the result is that if the analyst’s tools are available to the players in a game, then there are statements that the players can think about but cannot assume. Connections are made to some questions in the foundations of game theory.Special Issue Ways of Worlds II. On Possible Worlds and Related Notions Edited by Vincent F. Hendricks and Stig Andur Pedersen 相似文献