Academic optimistic bias: Implications for college student performance and well-being

Although optimism has several benefits, there are potential drawbacks associated with “too much of a good thing”. Within an academic context, a possible determinant of the adaptiveness of optimistic bias is whether students have a sense of control over academic outcomes: optimistically-biased (OB) achievement expectations paired with perceptions of academic control may enhance performance and well-being; optimistic bias in the absence of perceived control may result in disappointment, poor performance, and diminished well-being. The current longitudinal study examined academic control cognitions (ACC) among OB college students (n = 319) versus non-optimistically biased (non-OB) students (n = 321). We also examined the effects of academic optimistic bias on composite measures of college performance (perceived success, final psychology course grades, cumulative GPA, course attrition) and well-being (positive and negative emotions, health behaviors, future optimism) 6 months later; and determined whether ACC accounted for those associations. Significant MANCOVAs showed OB students had greater ACC, better subsequent well-being, and outperformed their non-OB counterparts. These well-being and performance differences remained significant after statistically accounting for initial aptitude and ACC. Overall, academic optimistic bias was accompanied by perceived controllability over scholastic outcomes, yet beyond the effects of ACC, optimistic bias was associated with better year-end performance and well-being. Findings have implications for maximizing the successful transition of first-year college students.     

大学生A型行为类型及其学业情绪特点

用A型行为类型量表和大学生一般学业情绪问卷对218名大学生进行了调查。结果发现：被调查大学生中A型行为者（A和A^-）约占25％。大学生的学业情绪以正性情绪为主,A型行为者的比例和学业情绪的得分在性别、年级、专业变量上无显著差异。不同行为类型者学业情绪的特点：B型者（B或B^-）的羞愧、气愤、厌烦、焦虑、自豪、希望、愉快情绪均明显低于A型者（A或A^-）;B型者（B或B^-）的羞愧、气愤情绪明显低于极端中间型者;TH得分高者负性情绪多而不能放松;CH得分高的学生既有羞愧和气愤,又有自豪和希望。     

小学儿童社会创造性与其同伴关系、学业成绩的关系

采用整群取样法, 选取387名小学儿童, 采用问卷法、同伴提名法和成绩评定, 考察了其社会创造性与其同伴关系、学业成绩的关系。结果表明:(1)小学儿童的社会创造性与学业成绩、社会喜好、社会影响, 学业成绩与社会喜好均呈显著正相关;(2)社会喜好在社会创造性与学业成绩之间、学业成绩在社会创造性与社会喜好之间、社会创造性在社会喜好与学业成绩之间均具有显著的中介效应, 社会影响在社会创造性对学业成绩的影响中具有显著的调节作用。     

大学生核心自我评价、学业倦怠对厌学现象的影响

采用问卷法对362名大学生进行问卷调查, 探讨核心自我评价、学业倦怠对厌学现象的影响。结果发现:(1)核心自我评价、学业倦怠各维度与厌学现象有不同程度的相关关系;(2)结构方程模型结果显示:a.核心自我评价对厌学情绪、厌学行为存在直接和间接效应;b.厌学情绪-厌学行为存在分离现象;c.核心自我评价对厌学情绪的直接效应和间接效应相当, 对厌学行为的直接效应明显大于间接效应;d.学业倦怠在核心自我评价对厌学情绪和厌学行为的影响中存在中介作用。     

Prescriptive Analysis: Further Individualization of Hypothesis Testing in Brief Experimental Analysis of Reading Fluency

Brief experimental analyses (BEA) have been used to identify effective individualized interventions for improving reading fluency with school-age children. Interventions involving incentives, modeling, repeated reading, and error correction are most often tested in a BEA. However, these interventions are rarely modified according to individual student needs. The current study examined the effects of varied levels of modeling (passage, sentence, word) and varied contingencies (tracking and fluency) on fluency in non-treated high-word overlap passages and general outcome measure passages. BEA-identified interventions were effective for improving reading fluency on non-treated passages for both second grade students and the third grade student. Notably, the effects reversed when intervention was withdrawn with one of the second grade students. Results are discussed in terms of considerations in the application of BEA technology in the schools.     

自我概念在父母情感关爱与儿童发展间的完全中介效应

运用问卷法,对北京612名中小学生及其父母分别进行了儿童孤独退缩行为、自我概念及父母情感关爱行为测试,运用LISEREL软件对数据的分析结果表明:父母情感关爱行为通过儿童自我概念的完全中介作用,对儿童的孤独退缩行为起到明显的抑制作用;在父母情感关爱行为和儿童学业成就之间,儿童的学业自我概念也起到了明显的完全中介效果.从而支持了儿童自我概念在父母情感关爱与儿童发展间的完全中介地位.     

初中生成就目标定向、学习策略与学业成绩之间的关系研究

以432名初中学生为被试,通过问卷调查,考察初中生成就目标定向、学习策略与学业成绩之间的关系。结果表明：成就目标定向、学习策略对学业成绩均存在显著的总体影响,其中学习策略对学业成绩产生显著的直接影响,并且主要是通过认知策略和动机策略来产生;成就目标定向对学业成绩不存在显著的直接影响,但通过学习策略这个中介变量产生显著的间接影响。成就目标定向主要是通过元认知策略对学习策略产生显著的直接影响。     

初一学生人格特征、学习适应性与学习成绩关系的研究

以《中学生个性测验量表》和《学习适应性测验量表》为研究工具,以320名初一学生为被试,探讨初一学生个性因素、学习适应性与学习成绩的关系。结果发现,初一学生的个性特征、学习适应性与学习成绩都存在一定的相关关系;初一学生的个性因素中自控及情绪性因素和智力性因素对其学习成绩具有更好的预测作用,学习适应性因素中学习期望和家庭环境对其学习成绩具有较好的预测作用;研究同时认为,个性特征与学习适应性对初一学生学习成绩的影响可能是非常有限的。     

初二学生学业求助及其影响因素研究

运用问卷调查法,探讨初二学生学业求助的动机特点和文化特色及其关系模式,研究结果表明：（1）学业求助态度和求助行为同成就目标、自我效能和文化因素有关;（2）成就目标、自我效能和文化因素对学业求助行为的影响是以学业求助态度为中介的;（3）学业求助既受动机因素的影响,又受文化因素的影响。     

Intellectual Freedom and Economic Sufficiency as Educational Entitlements

This paper explores the historic philosophical contributions ofMill and Marx toward a comprehensive conception of intellectual freedomas a basic educational entitlement. In a perhaps surprising confluence,Marx's theory of a material base for freedom of thought is then extendedin a discussion of contemporary freedoms including, importantly,academic freedom and its implication for teaching, the profession andits training.