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141.
聋童与听力正常儿童分类能力的比较研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本研究通过不同性质的分类实验,比较了聋童和听力正常儿童在年龄和教育程度相同或相近的前提下表现出的分类能力的差异,研究结果表明:(1)听力正常儿童的分类水平高于聋童。(2)教育程度的提高对二者的分类水平均有明显的促进作用。(3)就本实验结果看,约在13、14岁间,二者的分类水平均趋于平稳。(4)具体语词的掌握对二者的分类水平均有明显的促进作用。(5)二者对具体材料的分类均优于对抽象材料的分类。 相似文献
142.
All people want to feel that they are morally adequate. People tend to evaluate their moral adequacy by judging their behaviour through their own eyes (first-person perspective) or the eyes of others (third-person perspective). People in all cultures use both perspectives, but there may be cultural variations in which perspective takes precedence. By conducting two studies, we explore the way people in face cultures are more likely to secure their moral self-regard through the eyes of others (vs. their own eyes), whereas the opposite is true in case of people from dignity cultures. Study 1 found that people from face culture (Korean participants) cheated to a lesser extent when others were invoked (vs. not invoked), but people from dignity culture (American participants) were not affected by this priming. Study 2 found that moral intentions were more strongly influenced by what participants perceived others to do in moral situations in face (vs. dignity) cultures. In contrast, moral intentions were found to be more strongly influenced by what they believed they should do in moral situations in dignity (vs. face) cultures. 相似文献
143.
Vincent Fella Hendricks Arne Jakobsen Stig Andur Pedersen 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2000,31(2):277-305
Engineering science is a scientific discipline that from the point of view of epistemology and the philosophy of science has
been somewhat neglected. When engineering science was under philosophical scrutiny it often just involved the question of
whether engineering is a spin-off of pure and applied science and their methods. We, however, hold that engineering is a science
governed by its own epistemology, methodology and ontology. This point is systematically argued by comparing the different
sciences with respect to a particular set of characterization criteria.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
144.
Inaction inertia refers to the effect that missing a more attractive opportunity decreases the likelihood to act on an attractive current opportunity in the same domain. We studied the influence of how people cope with negative decision outcomes (i.e., action vs. state orientation) on this inaction inertia effect. Experiment 1 used an experimental induction of action vs. state orientation and confirmed our prediction that state oriented people showed more inaction inertia than action oriented people. Experiment 2 replicated these results with a measure of chronic action orientation and showed a mediating effect of valuation of the current opportunity. Experiment 3 showed that temporal segregation of the current from the missed opportunity decreased inaction inertia effects for state oriented, but not for action oriented people. We discuss the implications of these results for the inaction inertia and action vs. state orientation literatures. 相似文献
145.
Two types of calculation processes have been distinguished in the literature: approximate processes are supposed to rely heavily on the non-verbal quantity system, whereas exact processes are assumed to crucially involve the verbal system. These two calculation processes were commonly distinguished by manipulation of two factors in addition problems: the identity of the target and the distance of the distractor. However, in all previous studies, these two factors were not manipulated independently. In this fMRI study, we could disentangle the two factors by using a different (two-digit) number stimulus set. Both behavioral and neurofunctional data suggest that the cognitive processes involved could be best explained by the (independent) factors target and distractor distance. Based on these data we suggest that the exact/approximate distinction does not seem to be as generally valid as previously assumed. We conclude that this study may be a starting point for a closer examination of the experimental, procedural and strategic conditions of when the exact/approximate distinction is valid and when it is not. 相似文献
146.
Framing effects are considered in a conversational framework using the well-known Asian Disease problem [Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453–458]. Speakers’ preferred message framing is examined and its corresponding persuasiveness is assessed using listeners’ responses. The results show that speakers exhibit a marked and consistent preference for positive over negative framing (Experiment 1). Judged from listeners’ responses, this preference is effective for promoting riskless, but not risky options. The incompatibility between speakers and listeners may be resolved by noting that speakers can jointly (i.e., comparatively) assess the information and the persuasive qualities of alternative frames. In contrast, listeners are exposed only to one of these frames and, consequently, can only assess the information separately (i.e., non-comparatively). Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrate that no incompatibility exists when both speakers and listeners are either in separate, or in joint evaluation mode. Differences between risky choice and attribute framing [Levin, I.P., Schneider, S.L., & Gaeth, G.J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: a typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76, 149–188] are briefly discussed. 相似文献
147.
通过任务助长实验范式考察范围假设对于某一熟悉群体刻板化特质判断的适用性。研究结果表明当大学生对于某一熟悉群体的刻板印象的抽象表征被激活时,违反刻板印象的样例表征也得到激活,用以限定抽象表征的适用范围。研究结果支持范围假设,即当一个抽象概念从语义记忆中被提取时,与抽象概念相冲突的情景记忆也被提取,以用来限定抽象概念的适用范围。 相似文献
148.
Gang Liu 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(1):95-114
The research programme of the philosophy of information (PI) proposed in 2002 made it an independent area or discipline in
philosophical research. The scientific concept of ‘information’ is formally accepted in philosophical inquiry. Hence a new
and tool-driven philosophical discipline of PI with its interdisciplinary nature has been established. Philosophy of information
is an ‘orientative’ rather than ‘cognitive’ philosophy. When PI is under consideration in the history of Western philosophy,
it can be regarded as a shift of large tradition. There are three large traditions at large, known as Platonic, Kantian and
Leibniz-Russellian. In the discussion of the position of the possible worlds, we have modal Platonism and modal realism, but
both of the theories are made in the framework of Western philosophy. In this essay, it is argued that possible worlds could
be seen as worlds in information, which is then an interpretation of modal information theory (MIT). Our interpretation is
made on the basis of Leibniz’s lifelong connection with China, a fact often overlooked by the Western philosophers. Possible
world theory was influenced by the Neo-Confucianism flourishing since the Song Dynasty of China, the foundation of which is
Yijing. It could be argued that Leibniz’s possible world theory was formulated in respect to the impact of the thoughts reflected
in Yijing, in that one of the prominent features is the model-theoretic construction of theories. There are two approaches to theory
construction, i.e., axiom-theoretic and model-theoretic. The origin of the former is from ancient Greece and the latter from
ancient China. And they determined the different features of theoretic structures between the oriental and occidental traditions
of science and technology. The tendency of the future development of science and technology is changing from the axiom-theoretic
to the model-theoretic orientation, at least the two approaches being complementary each other. To some extent, this means
the retrospective of tradition in the turning point of history, and some of the China’s cultural traditions might become the
starting points in formulating the future Chinese philosophy of science and technology. 相似文献
149.
150.
If and Then: A Critique of Speculative NanoEthics 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
Alfred Nordmann 《Nanoethics》2007,1(1):31-46
Most known technology serves to ingeniously adapt the world to the physical and mental limitations of human beings. Humankind
has acquired awesome power with its rather limited means. Nanotechnological capabilities further this power. On some accounts,
however, nanotechnological research will contribute to a rather different kind of technological development, namely one that
changes human beings so as to remove or reduce their physical and mental limitations. The prospect of this technological development
has inspired a fair amount of ethical debate. Here, proponents and opponents of such visions of human enhancement are criticized
alike for engaging in speculative ethics. This critique exposes a general pattern that extends to other nano-, bio-, or neuroethical
debates. While it does not apply to all discussions of “enhancement technologies” it does apply to all ethical discourse that
constructs and validates an incredible future which it only then proceeds to endorse or critique. This discourse violates
conditions of intelligibility, squanders the scarce and valuable resource of ethical concern, and misleads by casting remote
possibilities or philosophical thought-experiments as foresight about likely technical developments. In effect, it deflects
consideration from the transformative technologies of the present.
相似文献
Alfred NordmannEmail: |