Reply to critics

This discussion responds to important questions raised about my theory of fairness in the global economy by Christian Barry, Charles Beitz, A.J. Julius and Kristi Olson. I further elaborate how moral argument can be ‘internal’ to a social practice, how my proposed principles of fairness depend on international practice, how I can admit several relevant conceptions of ‘harm’ and why my account does not depend on a problematic conception of societal ‘endowments’.     

医疗事故技术鉴定公正性初探

医疗事故技术鉴定是解决医患纠纷的重要环节,鉴定公正与否直接关系到医患双方的合法权益能否得到有效的保护,关系到社会的和谐与稳定。医疗事故技术鉴定在解决医患纠纷上发挥了积极的作用,但也存在一些缺憾。对目前鉴定的公正性进行了分析,并提出相应的对策。     

医院的社会责任:伦理学视角

讨论了评价医院管理行动的伦理框架,严峻的卫生形势,医院的社会责任,其中着重讨论参与全面建设小康社会;向社会提供公平的卫生保健服务;重建医患信托关系以及调整与企业关系防止利益冲突.     

内群体偏爱或黑羊效应?经济博弈中公平规范执行的群体偏见

公平规范执行代指人们自愿损耗利益来惩罚违反公平原则行为的意愿和行为, 被视为人类社会的重要特征及维持合作行为的关键因素。群体认同是指个体对其所属群体身份的知觉及其所付诸于该群体身份上的价值与情绪, 直接影响着群际互动中人们的公平规范执行行为。基于多种资产分配任务, 国内外学者发现公平规范执行中群体偏见存在两种矛盾的表现形式：人们有时更愿意接受内群体成员的不公提议, 表现为内群体偏爱现象(the in-group favoritism, IGF), 有时又更愿意拒绝内群体成员的不公提议, 表现出黑羊效应(the black sheep effect, BSE)。当前, 纯粹偏好理论和规范聚焦理论常被用来解释上述两种相悖的现象。未来研究应侧重从多种视角揭示公平规范执行偏见的边界条件, 比较多种线索操纵所致偏见的差异性, 促进两种理论的融合与补充, 并增强其潜在神经机制的探索。     

小学儿童程序公平认知及其归因取向的发展

为了探讨小学儿童的程序公平认知以及不同程序信息下程序公平认知归因取向的发展特点,研究采用自编的程序公平认知情境故事材料,对150名小学1、3、5年级儿童进行测查。结果表明：小学儿童的程序公平认知能力随年级增长而提高,在有投票权且同等和有投票权但不等下的程序公平认知得分显著高于在无投票权下,在消极结果信息下的程序公平认知得分显著高于在积极结果信息下,且年级、程序信息、结果信息两两之间和三者之间均存在显著交互作用。随年级增长,小学儿童的程序公平认知归因在结果取向和权威取向上不断减少,在过程取向上不断增多,在能力取向上则是上升到3年级之后又逐渐减少。研究说明小学儿童的程序公平认知能力随年龄增长而发展,并受程序信息和结果信息的影响;小学儿童的程序公平认知归因随年龄增长越来越倾向于过程取向。     

音乐绝对音高信息加工的脑机制

音乐绝对音高(absolute pitch, AP)一直是音乐心理学者感兴趣的问题。AP能力是一种特殊的音乐能力。ERP研究表明具有AP能力的群体只需较少的认知资源进行音高加工, 同时不同AP能力的加工机制也不同; 功能神经成像研究表明大脑左侧额叶背侧后部和左侧颞叶平面对AP加工发挥重要作用; 脑结构研究发现AP群体的某些脑区皮层厚度低于没有绝对音高能力(Non-AP)群体, 这可能与AP特殊的加工机制有关。AP能力形成需要先天遗传和后天环境的共同作用, 其相互作用的脑机制需结合行为遗传学的研究方法及成果。     

The Non-Conceptual Dimension of Social Mediation: Toward a Materialist Aufhebung of Hegel

ABSTRACT

Sellars’s relationship with Hegel is complex and itself ‘dialectical‘ in interesting ways. Sellars follows Hegel in recognizing that the normativity essential to intentionality and conceptuality is a social phenomenon. But Sellars criticizes Hegel for his inability to independently explain the emergence and function of this essential group phenomenon. I shall argue that Sellars’s critique of Hegel on this count is part of a larger, metaphysically ambitious and rigorously realistic position, which, though turning Hegel’s ontology on its head, shares with Hegel the methodological ambition of arriving at a position which is globally explanatorily closed. Further, it will be suggested that although Sellars would surely have been critical of the ontological reification of Hegel’s dialectical method, he nonetheless reserves an important role for conceptual dialectical development right at the heart of his system, namely in his understanding of the conceptual evolution that leads from the manifest to the scientific image. Finally, I shall argue that Sellars thereby aspires to provide nothing less than a materialist aufhebung of idealist Hegelian dialectics.     

Desert,fairness, and resentment

Responsibility, blameworthiness in particular, has been characterized in a number of ways in a literature in which participants appear to be talking about the same thing much of the time. More specifically, blameworthiness has been characterized in terms of what sorts of responses are fair, appropriate, and deserved in a basic way, where the responses in question range over blame, sanctions, alterations to interpersonal relationships, and the reactive attitudes, such as resentment and indignation. In this paper, I explore the relationships between three particular theses: (i) the claim that one is blameworthy to the extent that it is fair to impose sanctions, (ii) the claim that one is blameworthy to the extent that one deserves sanctions, and (iii) the claim that one is blameworthy to the extent that it is appropriate to respond with reactive attitudes. Appealing to the way in which luck in the outcome of an action can justifiably affect the degree of sanctions received, I argue that (i) is false and that fairness and desert come apart. I then argue that the relationship between the reactive attitudes and sanction is not as straightforward as has sometimes been assumed, but that (ii) and (iii) might both be true and closely linked. I conclude by exploring various claims about desert, including ones that link it to the intrinsic goodness of receiving what is deserved and to the permissibility or rightness of inflicting suffering.     

心理负荷对元记忆监测准确性及偏差的影响

以汉字再认任务为载体, 采用两因素被试内设计, 考察任务所导致的心理负荷水平, 以及学习判断(JOL)和信心判断(JOC)两种监测方式, 对元记忆监测效果的影响。对监测效果的衡量分别使用了相对准确性, 绝对准确性, 以及判断偏差三种指标。结果发现, 个体在任务过程中的心理负荷水平会影响其对任务解决过程的监测准确性:心理负荷水平越高, 元记忆监测的准确性越低。心理负荷水平还会影响元记忆监测的判断偏差:心理负荷处于中等偏低水平时, 监测不容易出现偏差;心理负荷处于中等偏高水平时, 个体表现出过高自信;但当心理负荷达到较高水平后, 判断偏差消失;随着心理负荷水平继续增大, 个体又表现出过低自信。