Blocking a selective association in pigeons

Experiment 1 demonstrated for the first time a stimulus-reinforcer interaction in pigeons trained with free-operant multiple schedules of reinforcement. Pigeons that treadle pressed in the presence of a tone-light (TL) compound for food exhibited primarily visual stimulus control on a stimulus-element test, whereas pigeons that avoided shock in TL exhibited auditory control. In Experiment 2, this selective association was blocked in pigeons pretrained with the biologically contingency-disadvantage element of the compound (i.e., tone-food or light-shock) before TL training. When this pretraining preceded compound-stimulus training, control was now auditory in pigeons that treadle pressed for food and was visual in pigeons that avoided shock. Previous attempts at blocking this selective association were unsuccessful in pigeons (LoLordo, Jacobs, & Foree, 1982) but were successful in rats (Schindler & Weiss, 1985). Experiment 2 established that selective associations can be blocked in pigeons when the procedures that were effective with rats were systematically replicated. These results further demonstrate the cross-species generality of an associative attentional mechanism involving a biological constraint on learning in species with different dominant sensory systems.     

先秦兵家决策心理思想研究

先秦兵家具有丰富的决策心理思想,主要观点如下：1“知彼知己,百战不殆”──全面信息管理心理思想。2“校之以计,而索其情”──全方位收集分析信息;这段时期兵家提出的收集信息方法和手段可以概括为以下几点：（1）分析推断;（2）观察法;（3）用间法;（4）侦察法。3“多算胜,少算不胜”的决策心理思想：先秦兵家的决策心理思想是以“全胜而非战”为目标,以全面的信息管理为前提,并且包含有三条原则：“善之善者”的优选原则;“践墨随敌”的调控原则;“奇正相生”的变化原则。     

Grooming movements as operants in the rat

Two experiments investigated the effect of contingent food deliveries on grooming movements in rats. The grooming sequence was divided into three topographically distinct behaviors: paw washing, face washing, and body washing. The first experiment found that rates of paw washing and body washing increased reliably under a food contingency, but face washing did not. A second experiment replicated these findings, and, in addition, showed that the average duration of paw washing and body washing decreased in length when followed by food. Placing a contingency on face washing, however, produced an increase in the rate of paw washing but no increase in face washing. It was concluded that, on the one hand, paw washing and body washing may be influenced by operant contingencies in the same way as behaviors such as lever pressing. On the other hand, increases in paw washing under the face washing contingency suggested that increases in the rate of grooming movements may occur by means other than operant relations.     

试论楚竹书《周易》红黑符号对卦序与象数的统合意义

本文通过对象数的分析,辅以对易图的考虑,结合历代学者的研究成果,并且重新比照有关楚简图版,拟就楚竹书<周易>红黑符号的分布排序提出相关的推论.笔者认为楚竹书<周易>的红黑符号体现古人在阴阳气化上所提出的理论,并反映了"非覆即变"的思想和上下经错综排序而各得十八卦形的原则,已经在战国中后期形成.由此而见,楚竹书<周易>的易学符号在卦序、易象、易数、易图、义理等各方面的内容上也有一定程度的一致性,并起着象征性的联系作用,令<周易>整套系统成为一个密不可分的浑然整体,具有重要的统合意义.     

THE LOVE RACKET: DEFINING LOVE AND AGAPEFOR THE LOVE‐AND‐SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM

Abstract. Scholars of religion and science have generated remarkable scholarship in recent years in their explorations of love. Exactly how scholars involved in this budding field believe that love and science should relate and/or be integrated varies greatly. What they share in common is the belief that issues of love are of paramount importance and that the various scientific disciplines—whether natural, social, or religious—must be brought to bear upon how best to understand love. I briefly introduce the emergence of the love‐and‐science research program and note that scholars have not done well defining what they mean by love. I suggest that the present surge in love scholarship will fail to produce the positive results that it otherwise might if love is not defined well. I provide and defend a definition of love adequate for those doing love‐and‐science research: To love is to act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others (including God), to promote well‐being. To explain better what this simple definition entails, I explore its three main phrases. Love is said to have many forms, but agape is the form to which the love‐and‐science literature most commonly refers. I comment briefly on the debates about how to best understand agape, noting sixteen different definitions proposed by major scholars. I identify weaknesses in many of them and then offer what I argue is a more adequate definition of agape as intentional response to promote well‐being when confronted by that which generates ill‐being. In short, agape repays evil with good. While research on love and science requires much more than adequate definitions, I believe that the definitions I proffer can prove useful in furthering the love‐and‐science research program.     

Understanding Freud's conflicted view of the object‐relatedness of sexuality and its implications for contemporary psychoanalysis: A re‐examination of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality

Through a re‐examination of Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), this paper reveals a fundamental tension in Freud's thinking on the nature of the individual and of his sexuality. In this text Freud portrays the individual and sexuality as inherently object‐related and at the same time as inherently independent of such relatedness. The way in which Freud presents these contradictory ideas suggests that he was not merely undecided on object‐relatedness and sexuality but rather that the contradiction was integral to this thinking. The paper offers an explanation of the meaning of this contradiction, of why it has been neglected in the analytic literature, and of some implications for contemporary psychoanalysis and its approach to sexuality.     

交往的异化:马克思《穆勒评注》中的"承认"问题

文献学的最新研究成果表明,《穆勒评注》因提出"交往的异化问题"而极大深化了整个《巴黎手稿》的理论内涵和意义。这一研究结论可从哲学史角度给予支持和佐证,表现为:在《穆勒评注》中可明显看到黑格尔发明的承认问题对马克思产生的重要影响,以及马克思对黑格尔承认论题的重大推进。马克思对人与人之间的相互承认在资本主义条件下发生的严重扭曲和异化的揭示,就突出体现在《穆勒评注》从货币和商品交换角度对"交往的异化问题"的说明中。     

今、古文易学流变述略——兼论《子夏易传》真伪

本文从汉初易学之传承入手,比照分析了今、古文易学之传承情况,特别指出古文易派因无师承和对经义的固定传授,故虽同研古文《易》,但其对经义往往各自说之,持论不一,此于《周易正义·卷首》所载可见一斑。史料皆称王弼《易》所依乃是费氏古文本,然由出土之帛书本考之,疑王弼亦取于今文本,非尽依古文也。另据新出简帛资料,本文考证《子夏易传》确为学有渊源的先秦古《易》传本,并辨析了其之所以未被列入《汉书·艺文志》的缘由。     

The debate on the yan-yi relation in Chinese philosophy: Reconstruction and comments

The debate on the yan-yi relation was carried out by Chinese philosophers collectively, and the principles and methods in the debate still belong to a living tradition of Chinese philosophy. From Yijing (Book of Changes), Lunyu (Analects), Laozi and Zhuangzi to Wang Bi, “yi” which cannot be expressed fully by yan (language), is not only “idea” or “meaning” in the human mind, but is also some kind of ontological existence, which is beyond yan and emblematic symbols, and unspeakable. Thus, the debate on the yan-yi relation refers firstly to metaphysics, secondly to moral philosophy, and then to epistemology and philosophy of language. Guided by this view, this paper recalls the source of the debate on the yan-yi relation to Yijing and Lunyu, distinguishes four meanings of “yi” in Chinese philosophy, and reconstructs three arguments. These arguments are the “yan cannot express yi fully” argument, “forget yan once you get yi” argument, and “yan can express yi fully” argument. Finally, this paper exposes and comments on those principles, methods and the general tendency shown in the debate from the following five aspects: starting point, value-preference, methodology, texts (papers and books), and influences. __________ Translated from Jianghai Xuekan 江海学刊 (Jianghai Academic Studies), 2005 (3)