A few minor suggestions.

We agree with almost all of the analysis in this excellent presentation of the molecular view of avoidance behavior. A few suggestions are made as follows: Referring to response-generated stimuli as 'readily observable" seems not quite right for the kinesthetic components of such stimuli, although their scientific legitimacy is not questioned. Interpreting response-generated stimuli as a form of positive reinforcement is contested, and an alternative interpretation is offered. A possibly simpler interpretation of the Sidman (1962) two-lever experiment is suggested. We question Dinsmoor's (2001) explanation for warning stimuli not being avoided, except for the reference to the weakness of third-order conditioning effects. A final question is raised regarding the nature of the variables that are responsible for the momentary evocation of the avoidance response.     

Illusory smoke and dazzling fog

It is well known that a flat ellipse rotating in the frontoparallel plane appears, after brief inspection, as a rigid circular disc tilting back and forth in a 3-D space. We here report that rotation of a grey-shaded ellipse on a white or on a black background produces the compelling illusion of a dark smoke or a dazzling fog (depending on the conditions of the background) moving in front of a completely white or completely black tilting disc. The fog effect disappears when there is a luminance contrast all along the perimeter of the ellipse. An experiment is reported showing that the effect can be experienced in static conditions only to a limited extent and mostly in the `dazzling' version, and that relative movement between the contours of the figure and the shaded area is crucial to the occurrence of the effect, while the occurrence of a depth effect is not. Received: 25 February 1999 / Accepted: 11 April 2000     

汉语句子可继续性对句子理解加工的即时影响

通过操纵动词与后接词的关系,来产生搭配异常并控制句子的可继续性,研究汉语词汇信息在句子加工中的即时作用。实验一利用跨通道技术,发现动一名词搭配异常对目标名词的加工有即时影响,形容词条件下可继续性对目标形容词的加工有即时影响;实验二采用眼动技术,发现名词条件和形容词条件下可继续性均有显著的即时影响。结果显示,语义等多种词汇信息被通达后立即共同参与了汉语句子加工。     

概化理论中的模型选择、数据解释和指标比较——评刘远我等的两篇论文

对刘远我等在1998年《心理学报》和1999年《心理科学》上发表的两篇慨化理论(GT)的应用研究论文．提出了对GT的一些主要问题的不同理解。这些问题包括模型选择、方差分量解释、一致性指标比较等。     

言语产生中的词长效应

采用图片命名方法考察言语产生中的词长效应,并进而分析语音计划的单位和序列性。选取能同时用单音节(如“羊”)和双音节(“山羊”)命名的图片作刺激材料,发现双音节命名明显慢于单音节命名,这种效应既表现在首音节型(如“花”与“花朵”),也表现在尾音节型(如“羊”与“山羊”)刺激材料上。研究结果支持语音编码从左到右、系列提取和双音节词的词音计划单位大于单音节词的观点。该文还对图片命名中的频率效应进行了事后分析。     

Face processing in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

Current research on face processing in primates has focused on a few species, mostly macaques and chimpanzees; to date, only one New World monkey, the squirrel monkey, has been tested. We explored face processing, and the inversion effect in particular, in a New World primate species, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus). In phase 1 of our study, we trained subjects to discriminate between two faces and two scrambled faces; we then presented the tamarins with a series of novel probes in order to determine the features underlying classification. Results showed that the tamarins relied on the external contour of the face for discrimination more than the internal features and their configuration. Statistical analyses revealed no differences in accuracy or response times to upright versus inverted stimuli, and thus no inversion effect. In phase 2, we provided subjects with additional training on the face versus scrambled face discrimination task in order to focus their attention on the configuration of the internal features. Accuracy data revealed individual differences in how tamarins classified these stimuli, even though each subject was trained in the same way. In phase 3, we tested for generalization to a new set of face stimuli, as well as for the capacity to show an inversion effect. For one subject who attended to the configuration of internal features, we found significant evidence of generalization, but no evidence for an inversion effect. Electronic Publication     

Effects of constrained choice on memory: The extension of the multiple-cue hypothesis to the self-choice effect

The self-choice effect is the phenomenon whereby self-chosen items are remembered better than experimenter-assigned items. This study examined whether the effect occurs when the choice is constrained by cuing, and whether the effect also occurs for unchosen items. In the experiment, 33 participants chose (choice condition) or were assigned (force condition) a target from three alternatives that were followed by a cue sentence as a criterion for the choice. Cue sentences corresponded to any of the three alternatives (free cuing) or to only one (constrained cuing). Participants then engaged in free recall of targets and subsequent recognition of all alternatives (chosen and unchosen items). Memory performance was enhanced by choice regardless of the constraints, but was also enhanced for unchosen items. These results indicate that "free choice" is not always critical for the self-choice effect, and that multiple cuing involving unchosen items is a plausible account for the retention advantage of choice procedures.     

刻板印象的内隐效应与内一外群体效应的实验研究

采用间接测量方法分别探讨刻板印象的内隐效应与内一外群体效应。实验结果表明 :( 1)内隐刻板印象是存在的 ,并且在很大程度上是一种无意识内隐影响的表现 ;( 2 )刻板印象是一个自动化的过程 ;( 3)刻板印象表现出强烈的“内一外群体效应”     

自我和物体为参照系的心理旋转分离：内旋效应

采用虚拟的旋转不同角度左、右手模型,构建“左右手判断(Left and right hand judgment: LR)”任务和“相同－不同判断(same and different judgment: SD)”任务,考察这两种实验任务是否都存在内旋效应和角度效应,以此推论被试采用何种旋转策略。结果发现：（1） 两种实验任务结果均表现出显著的角度效应。（2）在LR任务条件下,存在显著的内旋效应,而在SD任务中不存在内旋效应。从而表明当人手图片作为心理旋转材料时,它具有双重角色。被试心理旋转加工时究竟选用何种参照系的旋转策略,与实验材料和实验任务两者都密不可分     

汉语字谜原型激活中的情绪促进效应

采用先学习原型字谜、接着进行正负情绪诱导、然后再进行靶字谜测验的三阶段实验设计,探讨了不同诱发情绪状态对汉语字谜原型激活的影响。结果发现,在本实验条件下：难度高的靶字谜的测试中没有发现正负诱发情绪状态对汉语字谜原型激活的不同影响;但是,在难度中等的靶字谜的测试中,诱发的正面情绪状态对汉语字谜原型激活有显著促进作用,而诱发的负面情绪状态与控制组相比对汉语字谜原型激活没有显著影响。性别变量在两种实验条件下都没有显著主效应