3～4岁幼儿认知灵活性实验研究

采用维度变化卡片分类测验,对3~4岁儿童进行认知灵活性测试。根据测验结果发现在标准版本与全部变化版本间存在十分显著差异,在部分变化版与全部变化版本间同样存在十分显著差异,而在标准版本与部分变化版本间差异不显著。性别之间在后转换阶段成绩存在显著差异。年龄之间在前转换阶段成绩存在显著差异,这就表明3岁幼儿当需要在两套不相容的规则之间进行灵活的转换时遇到了困难,即前转换阶段激活了的规则保持在后转换阶段中。超过3岁到4岁间的幼儿比低于3岁或刚3岁的幼儿分类成绩要好。     

启动测量方法在内隐社会认知研究中的应用

内隐社会认知是指在社会认知过程中虽然个体不能回忆某一过去经验,但这一经验潜在地对个体的行为和判断产生影响,其中启动测量方法是进行内隐社会认知研究最常用的一种方法。本文介绍了语义启动任务与评价启动任务这两种启动测量的方法及其内在机制,并从发展性、融合性、有效性、应用性四个方面总结与展望了在内隐社会认知领域中启动测量方法的发展趋势。     

Counterproductive Behaviors and Psychological Well-being: The Moderating Effect of Task Interdependence

Purpose  The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between counterproductive behaviors (CPBs) and psychological well-being in a teamwork setting. Moreover, we examined the moderating effect of task interdependence. CPBs are considered in light of four dimensions, namely parasitism, interpersonal aggression, boastfulness, and misuse of resources. Design/Methodology/Approach  Data were collected from a sample of 249 individuals working in a Canadian prison. The study was based on two measurement times. Findings  The results reveal that the four dimensions of CPBs are negatively related to psychological well-being and that relationships involving interpersonal aggression and boastfulness are moderated by task interdependence. Implications  This study highlights the importance for managers to identify the presence of CPBs in their team as soon as possible so as to be able to remedy them before they affect team members’ psychological well-being. Moreover, interpersonal aggression and boastfulness may be particularly detrimental in a context of high interdependence. Originality/Value  This study further extends the nomological network of CPBs. Indeed, the results indicate that the presence of CPBs may harm employees’ mental health. Furthermore, this study shows that a contextual characteristic (i.e., task interdependence) may amplify the detrimental effect of some CPBs.

Task switching training effects are mediated by working-memory management

Task switching is an important executive function, and finding ways to improve it has become a major goal of contemporary scientists. Karbach and Kray (2009) found that training in the Alternating-Runs Task-Switching (AR-TS) paradigm (in which the task changed every second trial) reduced the costs of switching in untrained tasks, as well as led to far transfer to interference control ability and fluid intelligence. However, AR-TS is known to involve working memory updating (WMU). Therefore, we hypothesized that AR-TS training involves WMU and not task-switching proper. Participants were trained using Karbach and Kray's protocol. Results indicate a highly specific transfer pattern in which participants showed near transfer to switching cost in the AR-TS paradigm, but did not significantly improve in another version of the task switching paradigm in which the tasks were randomly ordered or a version in which the task changed every 3rd trial. The results suggest that what has been trained is not a broad task-switching ability but rather a specific skill related to the unique WMU requirements of the training paradigm.     

Iowa Gambling Task Modified for Military Domain

One key component of optimal military decision making is that the decision maker demonstrates reinforcement learning. The modification of psychological tasks gives insight into understanding how to effectively train military decision makers and how experienced decision makers arrive at optimal or near optimal decisions. We developed a task modeled after the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to measure military decision making performance. This new task focuses on high stakes and uncertain environments particular to military decision making conditions. Thirty-four U.S. military officers from all branches of service completed the tasks yielding decision data for validation. The new task retains essential characteristics of the foundational task and gives insight into reinforcement learning of military decision makers. Results indicate that the additional metric of regret defines higher performance at a trial-by-trial level, and clustering by multiple metrics defines high performance groups.     

结果冲突与作业难度对双重作业绩效的影响

运用单作业和双作业操作探讨结果冲突与作业难度对双重作业绩效的影响。结果表明：（１）信息干扰对双作业操作有着明显的影响。信息干扰越大,结果冲突效应越大,双作业操作绩效越差。（２）作业难度对双作业绩效有明显影响。作业难度越大,双作业操作绩效越差。根据实验结果,本研究提出了双因素假设：信息干扰和资源竞争是影响双作业操作绩效的两个主要因素。     

Development of behavioural regulation in Do and Don't contexts among behaviourally inhibited Chinese children

Behavioural inhibition influences the development of behavioural regulation in early childhood. Previous studies have mainly focused on the relationship between inhibition and regulation in the Don't context (e.g., inhibitory control), while few have investigated this relationship in the Do context (e.g., task persistence). This longitudinal study examined the effect of temperamental inhibition on behavioural regulation during both the Do and Don't contexts in 112 Chinese preschoolers. At 3.5 years of age, children's behavioural inhibition was assessed by behavioural observation and parental report, and then at 4.5 years of age, their regulatory behaviours were measured in the following two challenging contexts: Do [locked box (LB)] and Don't [toy inhibition (TI)]. In each task, children were randomly assigned to either a high‐ or a low‐incentive condition designed to vary the value of a given goal. Results suggested that higher inhibition was associated with poorer regulation (lower task persistence) in both conditions of the Do context (LB), whereas in the Don't context (TI) highly inhibited children showed better regulation (less violation behaviours) in the low‐incentive condition than they did in the high‐incentive condition. The results highlight the context characteristics and goal incentive as important factors for behavioural regulation development in inhibited children in China.     

基于潜在类别分析的6~15岁儿童平衡秤任务认知规则探索

本研究使用自编平衡秤测验测试468名6~15岁儿童,通过潜在类别分析对认知规则进行分类。结果发现,被试使用了规则Ⅰ、规则Ⅰ'、规则Ⅱ、补偿规则、规则Ⅳ、距离优势规则等六种规则;6~9岁儿童主要使用规则Ⅰ;10~13岁儿童主要使用补偿规则;14岁以上儿童主要使用规则Ⅳ;13岁到14岁之间,使用规则Ⅳ的儿童数量呈跳跃式增加。与规则评估技术相比,潜在类别分析用于认知规则研究具有明显优势,最后对运用此方法的前提假设与局限进行了讨论。