关于儿科学向儿童保健方面发展的哲学思考

随着医学模式的转变,儿科学的发展将面临很大的挑战,从传统的、单一的临床诊治过渡到以含多学科领域的儿童预防保健为主,这不仅是一种发展趋势,而且为儿科学发展的前景拓宽领域,同时也要求儿科医师必顺转变思雏模式,用辩证的观点解决在临床工作中遇到的问题.因此,培养和提高儿科医生的辩证思维能力尤为重要.     

材料的呈现方式对大学生分类活动影响的研究

以60名视力、智力均正常的大学生为被试,采用维度特征互不相同的三套图片材料和三种材料呈现方式,以被试分类的结果和解释的理由为依据,用一维特征分类、整体相似性分类、两阶段策略分类和其他分类等作为因变量指标,采用不完全被试内设计进行实验。用SPSS 8．0 for windows对实验结果进行处理。结果：在A方式下,被试倾向于按材料的一维特征分类;在B方式下,被试倾向于按材料的整体相似性分类;在C方式下,被试倾向于按两阶段策略分类。     

客体特征统计属性表征机制的特异性

通过两个实验就视觉系统能否像计算平均数那样高效地计算其他统计量的问题进行了探讨。实验—保持—组圆的平均大小不变而改变众数,考察平均数估计是否受众数变化的影响;实验二采用与实验一相同的刺激,直接考察被试估计众数的绩效。结果发现：（1）对平均数的估计不受总体众数变化的影响;（2）对众数的估计往往不如对平均数的估计准确,估计值受平均数变化的影响;（3）在估计众数的任务中,被试成绩受总体极大值的影响。上述结果表明,视觉系统不存在针对众数的自动化加工机制。根据本实验的结果可以进一步推测,视觉系统并非对所有统计量都可做高效加工,而可能存在针对平均数的特异加工机制。     

动机理论的新发展：调节定向理论

Higgins（1997）提出的调节定向理论,独立于享乐主义原则,揭示了人们如何趋近积极目标状态和回避消极目标状态。该理论区分了两种不同的调节定向——促进定向和预防定向,两者在服务的需要类型、对目标的表征、对结果的关注点、情绪体验等方面存在区别,并会产生独立的动机结果。文章介绍了关于两种调节定向的特点、调节定向的测量、调节定向对基本心理过程和调节定向理论在社会生活的应用的研究成果,并提出未来研究应重视对调节定向的测量、调节定向与人格、与时间动力等方面的研究。     

OAKESHOTTIAN MODES AT THE CROSSROADS OF THE EVOLUTION DEBATES

I examine Michael Oakeshott's theory of modes of experience in light of today's evolution debates and argue that in much of our current debate science and religion irrelevantly attack each other or, less commonly but still irrelevantly, seek out support from the other. An analysis of Oakeshott's idea of religion finds links between his early holistic theory of the state, his individualistic account of religious sensibility, and his theory of political, moral, and religious authority. Such analysis shows that a modern individualistic theory of the state need not be barrenly secular and suggests that a religious sensibility need not be translated into an overmastering desire to use state power to pursue moral or spiritual ends in politics. Finally, Oakeshott's vision of a civil conversation, as both a metaphor for Western civilization and as a quasi-ethical ideal, shows us how we might balance the recognition of diverse modal truths, the pursuit of singular religious or philosophic truth, and a free political order.     

冲动性消费行为内在机制研究述评 ———提升调节点在冲动性消费行为中所起作用

有关冲动性消费行为研究的文献众多,但难以从内在联系上进行统一。最近,利用提升调节点对冲动性消费行为内在机制的揭示是该领域的一个突破,从而有望把一些相关文献统一起来。作者介绍了冲动性消费行为内在过程;综述了用于冲动性消费行为内在机制研究的相关理论;从内在机制这个角度对有关冲动性消费行为文献进行评述。文章的最后提出了冲动性消费行为内在机制的进一步研究方向：利用调节点等相关理论,特别是调节适应理论对冲动性消费行为内在机制做进一步探讨     

知觉经验对汉学字形知觉整体性的影响

三项实验通过部件识别法探讨了知觉经验对字形知觉整体性的影响。实验一要求三组不同发展水平的被试命名单独呈现的部件字,结果证实了本实验所用的各组部件字之间的识别难度均等和小学三年级学生的字识别技能明显不如小学六年级和大学学生。实验二使大学生在三种字度和两种字频条件下,分别进行单、双部件的命名,主要得到非字中的部件命名反应时快于假字,后者又快于真字的“字劣效应”以及在真、假字组中的“左>右”或“上>下”的“部位效应”,但未发现字频对部件命名的效应。实验三比较了三组不同年级被试的部件命名作业,发现小六和小三学生在真、假字中的部件命名反应时无明显差异,而大学生较明显,说明前者受字形整体知觉的影响比后者小。这些结果支持了字形知觉整体性随字的知觉经验增长而加强的假设,并在一个基于联结主义框架的字词识别模型中得到了较好解释。     

Variations in Figurative Language Use as a Function of Mode of Communication

Various studies have demonstrated that the mode by which people communicate affects the content of their messages. The present study examines the ways in which one aspect of language use, namely figurative language, differs as a function of mode of communication. Subjects worked together in pairs to build a small household appliance, with an expert directing a novice in the construction. Subjects communicated in one of four modes: full copresence, separated by a screen, through an intercom system, or through e-mail. Differences between modes were found on a number of measures of figurative language types, including what the author has described as interrogative analogies. These differences are discussed in terms of costs, constraints, and affordances associated with different media, and the role figurative language plays in communication.     

Electrophysiological correlates of dispositional mindfulness: A quantitative and complexity EEG study

While growing evidence supports that dispositional mindfulness relates to psychological health and cognitive enhancement, to date there have been only a few attempts to characterize its neural underpinnings. In the present study, we aimed at exploring the electrophysiological (EEG) signature of dispositional mindfulness using quantitative and complexity measures of EEG during resting state and while performing a learning task. Hundred twenty participants were assessed with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and underwent 5 min eyes-closed resting state and 5 min at task EEG recording. We hypothesized that high mindfulness individuals would show patterns of brain activity related to (a) lower involvement of the default mode network (DMN) at rest (reduced frontal gamma power) and (b) a state of ‘task readiness’ reflected in a more similar pattern from rest to task (reduced overall q-EEG power at rest but not at task), as compared to their low mindfulness counterparts. Dispositional mindfulness was significantly linked to reduced frontal gamma power at rest and lower overall power during rest but not at task. In addition, we found a trend towards higher entropy during task performance in mindful individuals, which has recently been reported during mindfulness meditation. Altogether, our results add to those from expert meditators to show that high (dispositional) mindfulness seems to have a specific electrophysiological pattern characteristic of less involvement of the DMN and mind-wandering processes.     

立体视觉研究中心理物理学和生理学实验的系统及其方法

双眼立体视觉涉及复杂的神经机制,因此在研究这个问题时,一般只能从某一侧面或某种方法入手,本文重点研究采用计算机控制的多功能刺激图形的产生及其在心理物理学研究中的效果,同时介绍了一种可以广泛用于立体视觉研究中的多功能刺激图形发生系统的工作原理和结构设计。