Gender differences existing in the general population in relation to body dissatisfaction associated with the ideal of beauty: a systematic review / Diferencias de género existentes en la población general en relación a la insatisfacción corporal asociada al ideal de belleza: una revisión sistemática

Abstract

Body dissatisfaction has been studied extensively due to its relationship with issues such as eating disorders, mainly in the female and adolescent population. However, it seems that there are differences in the type of body dissatisfaction that females and males manifest with respect to their body image. On this basis, the objective of this work was to review systematically the studies published from 2010 to July 2018 into gender differences in body dissatisfaction associated with the ideal of beauty in the general population. A total of 18 studies were selected from the MeSH/PubMed, Dialnet and DOAJ databases. The results obtained from the studies analysed showed that the female population continues to show greater body dissatisfaction associated with the ideal of beauty compared to the male population. However, the manifestation of body dissatisfaction is expressed differently for men and women.     

The embodiment of beauty: Evidence from viewing Chinese concrete words and pictographs

How is beauty embodied? According to the viewpoint of embodied cognition, the aesthetic processing of words or pictographs has roots in their referential archetypes. Four experiments tested whether the beauty of referential archetypes was routinely activated during the explicit and implicit aesthetic evaluations of the font structures of concrete Chinese words and pictographs in congruent or incongruent font colour. Results showed font structures of simplified Chinese words and pictographs were judged to be more beautiful when they referred to beautiful archetypes; and this pattern was reversed when they referred to ugly archetypes. Moreover, judgement was facilitated when font colour was congruent for Chinese words and pictographs referred to beautiful archetypes. For those referred to ugly archetypes, judgement was inhibited in congruent font colour but facilitated in incongruent font colour, suggesting aesthetic perceptions of the font structures of Chinese words and pictographs were derived from their referential natural objects. The spontaneous generation hypothesis of beauty is proposed to account for these findings.     

The end of theoretical orientations?

Theoretical orientation is the most pervasive organizing device in psychology. Ideas, books, people, therapies, and other salient matters are frequently classified into psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, or other orientation categories. The continued prominence of theoretical-orientation classification belies a breakdown in its applicability to contemporary psychology. Psychotherapy remains a stronghold. However, with internal and external forces endorsing particular approaches, theoretically-based practices will be forced to yield to evidence-based ones. The final dismantling of traditional theoretical categories by evidence-based practice standards paradoxically provides a hopeful impetus to otherwise arrested theoretical development. Manifest avowed theoretical orientation is distinguished from a latent theoretical-orientation construct, and the ways a new kind of meta-theory of therapy will reduce the naivete and increase the applicability of clinical research is discussed.     

西学与清初思想的变迁

从晚明的王学到清初的考据学,中国思想发生了巨大的变化。如何理解这种巨大的思想变化学术界多有议论。文章从西学与清初的科学思潮,西学与清初考据派,西学与中国的文艺复兴这三个方面深入地分析了从晚明到清初思想变迁的实际历史过程。说明了西学作为一种外来思想,所以被接受的根本性原因,在于中国思想文化有了这种内在需要,传教士所介绍的学术和思想只是作为外部原因才发挥了作用。     

中西医结合治疗骨折的临床思维方法

骨科医生在骨折治疗中需要科学的方法论指导。系统论的思想应用于中西医结合治疗骨折,它能从人体的总体出发,在“动与静”、“筋与骨”、“内与外”、“人与物”四对矛盾的相互作用中,揭示损伤的性质和骨折愈合的规律,有助于获得骨折的最佳治疗原则,有助于提高认识水平和实践能力。     

1980年-2005年我国中西医结合临床研究的方法学评价

为了了解我国1980年～2005年以来关于中西医结合临床研究文献的质量,从中国生物医学文献数据库及维普全文库和中国期刊网全文库中查阅了相关文献,发现国内近年来开展中西医结合临床研究的RCT文献在不断增多,但研究方法学质量偏低,说明有关文献的RCT质量有待进一步提高,研究方法仍需要不断改进。     

《周易》古经"明德慎罚"观辨析

"明德慎罚"是西周初年周公提出的重要法律思想。从《周易》古经中的类似表述来看,其已有明显的"明德慎罚"观。"明德"思想反映在《恒》九三、《益》九五等爻辞中;《临》卦中有对人民实施德教的内容。《周易》古经的"慎罚"观在西周刑罚适用原则中也有体现。西周的"以德配天"、"明德慎罚"的法制思想后来深深扎根于中国传统政治和法律理论之中。研究《周易》古经中"明德慎罚"的法律观,探究它所涉及的西周法制,不仅能为我们研究西周法制提供宝贵的史料,也能更好的梳理商末周初法律思想的变化脉络,进一步印证这一思想对西周社会、政治和法制的影响。     

‘What works?’ Response to the paper by James Astor

Abstract :  A personal account of an analysis with Michael Fordham and subsequent conversations with James Astor. A number of themes are developed concerning the expression of feeling, use of language, and the relevance of aesthetic values to the practice and reporting of analysis.