Biasing evaluations to appear unbiased: A self-presentational paradox

Subjects interviewed a confederate posing as a job applicant. In a 2 × 2 factorial design, half the subjects were insulted by the confederate at the end of the interview and half were not insulted. Half the subjects were observed by the experimenter during the final phase of the interview and evaluated the confederate publicly. The remaining subjects were unobserved during the interview and evaluated the confederate anonymously. As predicted, subjects who were publicly insulted were more favorable toward the confederate than were subjects who were privately insulted. Within the public/insult condition, subjects scoring high on Snyder's (1974, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526–537) self-monitoring scale were more favorable toward the confederate than were subjects scoring low on this scale. The positivity bias occurred only on highly subjective ratings, which are most prone to the appearance of bias. The results are discussed in terms of the subjects' desire to avoid the appearance of bias by biasing their evaluations.     

广州医学院校中医学生与西医学生对中西医结合认识的调查报告

建国以来,我国大力致力于培养中西医结合型人材,然而到目前为止,关于中西医结合的概念在医学层面上仍达不到统一的共识,对于当今的医学生们,他们对中西医结合了解有多少,他们如何看待中西结合,中西医结合课程所起的作用有多大等等,这些都非常值得我们关注。为此,2005年6月份期间对广州市五所医学院校的学生进行了有关问卷调查。     

“西部计划”志愿者服务满意度的调查研究

研究采用自编问卷对服务期满的西部志愿者就其服务的满意度进行调查。结果发现:服务初衷实现程度、服务影响力评价、服务满意度、服务态度、社会支持方面的得分性别差异不显著;政治面貌为中共党员的志愿者在服务态度和服务满意度方面得分均显著高于政治面貌为团员的志愿者;来自西部地区的志愿者在自我评价的服务初衷实现程度上的得分显著低于来自东部和中部地区的志愿者,东部和中部地区的志愿者之间则无显著差异,这种差异或源于西部地区志愿者感受到的社会支持(主观支持)低于中、东部志愿者。     

以孔子的学习原则透视现代西方记忆理论的局限--古代中国的思想体系与当代西方的心理科学

孔子既强调感知对于学习的作用,也重视思维对于学习的价值,并极力主张学习过程中感知与思维的辩证统一。然而,艾特金森一习福林(1968)记忆模型只强调感知对于学习过程的重要作用,根本忽略了思维在学习过程中的决定作用;加工水平说则刚好相反,它们只强调思维对于学习过程的作用,完全忽略了感知对于学习过程的不可替代性。     

Constantine,Babel, and Yankee Doodling: Whose Indigeneity? Whose Psychology?

This essay addresses the issue of indigeneity in terms of local cultures. The authors do so in conversation with Kim, Yang, and Hwang’s recent book, Indigenous and Cultural Psychology: Understanding People in Context. The life and work of Virgilio Enriquez is reviewed briefly as an exemplary indigenous psychologist. He illustrates the possibility of an indigenous psychology with a local, regulative grammar of cognition, affect, behavior, and relationships. The accounts of the tower of Babel and Constantine point to the irreversible damage of homogenizing culture and imposing it on other cultures. We argue that the imposition of a local, particular Western psychology on a global scale might risk a similar cost. The authors propose that current research in indigenous psychologies might take more seriously the notion that culture is not monolithic but should be understood from the point of view of the analysis of power relationships. Secondly, the authors argue that the role of language has not received sufficient attention in terms of shaping thought and increasing the incommensurability between cultures. Thirdly, it is argued that positivist epistemology has dominated the field and that more hermeneutic approaches must be considered. Fourth, the question must be asked regarding who controls indigenous research. Too often control has been exogenous rather than in the hands of local leaders. Finally, it is suggested that North Americans would do well to examine and recognize the indigeneity of their own psychology.     

Developmental considerations in the study of childhood depression

Although a great deal of research has been conducted examining biological and psychological factors related to adult depression, relatively little attention has been given to the study of depression in children. The purpose of the present article is to illustrate the importance of considering normal developmental processes in the study of childhood depression. Epidemiological data, diagnostic issues, and methods of assessment in childhood depression are discussed from a developmental perspective, and the role of developmental issues in both the manifestation of depression and its assessment is outlined. Four major theories of depression—biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral, and cognitive—are presented, and developmental issues are discussed in relation to each theory's formulation of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of depression. Finally, alternative methodologies for the study of childhood depression are considered, and directions for future research, particularly for investigations examining the relationship between childhood and adult depression, are advanced.     

Choice and dissonance in a European cultural context: The case of Western and Eastern Europeans

Prior research demonstrates that members of collectivistic cultures are less likely to reduce cognitive dissonance after making a choice, compared to members of individualistic cultures. This difference has been attributed to different conceptualizations of choice that derive from different self‐construals across cultures. In individualistic cultures, choice leads to stronger commitment to the chosen option compared to collectivistic cultures, because it implicates core aspects of the independent self, such as personal preferences. However, this cultural variation in postchoice dissonance has thus far been studied exclusively by comparing East Asians and North Americans. Building on the assumption that this difference is due to different construals of the self, we conducted an experiment with movie choices using the classic free‐choice paradigm to examine differences in dissonance reduction between Western and Eastern Europeans, two populations known to differ with respect to interdependence. The results show that Eastern Europeans are less likely than Western Europeans to reduce postchoice dissonance by spreading their alternatives. Our findings speak to the generalizability of the hypothesis that in cultures differing in independence or interdependence people also differ in the way they construe choice, as well as in the way the act of choosing affects their self‐concept.     

中西医学方法对变应性鼻炎疗效比较

本文分别从中医学和西医学体系对变应性鼻炎疗效进行分析比较。西医学主要不足：病理机制和治疗方案的公理化,缺乏关注病前状态,缺乏整体观。中医学主要特点：整体观念、形神合一、辩证理念。中西医学均存在优势和不足。中西医学结合是今后诊治变应性鼻炎的发展方向。     

论社会科学的重要性--兼论淄博齐文化大市建设与社会科学的关系

社会科学的重要性越来越被人们发现和重视,在我国更是如此。社会科学对于一个国家、一个地区的经济和文化等方面的发展,特别是经济发展到一定程度以后,其巨大作用将日益凸显出来。我国是具有悠久历史文化传统的国家,这些悠久历史文化传统源于我国各个地方地域文化,是这些地域文化的有机统一。从社会科学的各个角度挖掘和研究这些历史文化遗产,无疑能够增加这些地区的文化底蕴,从而增强这些地区的社会和经济发展的后劲。社会科学意义重大,它是我们党领导人民取得胜利的重要法宝;它是我们党领导人民进行社会主义建设的重要法宝;它还是我们党领导人民进行改革开放的重要法宝。