The functional equivalence of mental images and errors of movement.

Four experiments are reported demonstrating that mental images are functionally equivalent to physical errors of movement in producing changes in visual-motor coordination, at both central and peripheral levels of the visual-motor system. In the first experiment, subjects in one condition pointed at a target seen through laterally displacing prisms and were instructed to imagine pointing errors identical to those recorded previously for subjects in a separate condition who actually observed their pointing errors. Changes in pointing accuracy during adaptation procedures and visual-motor aftereffects following these procedures for subjects who imagined their errors were proportional to visual-motor shifts and aftereffects for subjects who observed their errors. In the second experiment, these same imagery instructions resulted in identical pointing shifts and aftereffects even in the case where prisms did not displace the target. The third experiment showed that when subjects believe that their mental images of pointing errors do not correspond to their actual pointing errors, pointing aftereffects result that are characteristic of the processing of error information at peripheral, but not central, levels of the visual motor system. The final experiment showed that when subjects do believe that their images of pointing errors correspond to actual pointing errors, but imagine the pointing movement itself in addition to their errors, pointing aftereffects result that are characteristic of the processing of error information at central, but not peripheral, levels of the visual-motor system. Contributions to visual-motor aftereffects from these two levels appear to be additive. Another significant result was that, in the imagery feedback conditions of each experiment, subjects who gave high ratings of vividness to their mental imagery showed the greatest magnitude of pointing aftereffects. These findings establish that mental images for errors of movement can produce stable visual-motor changes that cannot be accounted for simply by subjects' expectations regarding the actual consequences of their actions.     

The influence of prosody on the recall of monaurally presented sentences.

Semantically anomolous sentences, which were spoken prosodically or in an even monotone, were presented monaurally and recalled after 5 sec of interpolated counting. Recall was superior in the Prosody condition, and performance in the Monotone condition showed no improvement when subjects were given prior knowledge of the syntactic structure. Also, a right ear advantage was found in the Prosody condition. The influence of prosody was attributed to its role in directing attention and providing continuity during memorization of the sentences, this being more effective when the information was received by the language hemisphere from the right ear.     

近视激光手术治疗几个问题的探讨

通过对ICD-10中涉及亚健康的相关类目分析,阐述了亚健康的概念范畴、相关症状表现、相关因素以及防范和纠正,尤其详细论述了亚健康的重点——疲劳状态。“亚健康”,本质上主要是一类心身失调,其防范或纠正,不能只依赖药物、食物等生物学手段,而应更多地借助认知疗法、心理调整、行为纠治等非生物学手段。此外,笔者还创新性的提出：在未来的《ICD》中专列亚健康类目的构想。     

弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤预后因素探讨及IgH基因重排检测

为了探讨CD10、bcl-6蛋白表达与弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)预后之间的关系及IgH基因重排检测在其诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值,我们采用免疫组化法观察CD10、bcl-6两种蛋白在DLBCL中的表达,半巢式PCR方法检测IgH基因重排。结果发现CD10、bcl-6蛋白阳性表达率分别为46.9%和65.6%,bcl-6阳性组预后较好。32例DLBCL中基因重排阳性率为78.1%。结论认为CD10、bcl-6蛋白表达与DLBCL预后有一定相关性,可作为判断DLBCL预后的参考指标。IgH基因重排检测在DLBCL疑难病例的诊断和鉴别诊断中有帮助。     

35岁～64岁糖尿病患者1O年内心肌梗死＼中风发病和死亡危险评估

应用《未来10年内心肌梗死、中风发病和死亡危险的科学预测量表》,对某社区335例35岁～64岁糖尿病患者进行了评估。结果显示,35岁～64岁糖尿病人群未来10年内严重心血管事件发生风险甚高,对可逆危险因素的评估和调整刻不容缓。     

Anticipatory coarticulation in a patient with apraxia of speech

Articulatory anticipation of vowel gestures was assessed in an apraxic patient, a dysarthric patient, and three normal speakers. The technique of assessment included perceptual identification of gated speech stimuli. The speech material consisted of /getVte/ utterances with the target vowels /i/, /y/, and /u/. In the case of the apraxic patient the gated vowels were identified at a later instant relative to the preceding plosion burst than in the normal speakers. This result was interpreted as reflecting a delayed onset of coarticulatory gestures, in particular lip rounding. The identification rates for the dysarthric's vowels rather reflected the general reduction of this patient's vowel space.     

The effect of semantic plausibility on sentence comprehension in aphasia

Tested were 50 aphasic patients (16 Broca's, 15 Wernicke's, 10 global, and 9 amnesic), 13 nonaphasic brain damaged patients, and 13 normal adults to evaluate the effect of semantic plausibility on sentence comprehension in active affirmative declarative sentences with a sentence-picture matching task. A plate of two pictures was provided for each stimulus sentence, and the subject was required to choose the picture corresponding to the sentence presented auditorily. Two types of sentences in terms of plausibility were prepared, i.e., probable sentences (P) describing common events in our daily life and improbable sentences (I) describing rare events. There were four kinds of combinations of a picture with the other to make a correct/(distractor) set, i.e., P/(P), P/(I), I/(P), and I/(I) constructions. The results indicated that probable sentences were more comprehensible than improbable sentences, and that the effect of semantic plausibility did not differ among aphasic types.     

Infant search strategies with containers that move but do not alter the location at which contents can be found

A number of hypotheses about infants' delayed search accuracy have been based upon the notion that a location associated with repeated retrieval of the object attains privileged status. Infants may need strong cues to search at a new location. However, a test is reported in which performance of 12- and 15-month-old infants was shown to be indifferent to the location. The results were reliable at an individual level. The data accord with previous research upon the canonicality effect in infant spatial search, an effect which is taken to index an experiential constraint on spatial discrimination. The experimental design thus serves as a discriminative test between three approaches: the original privileged location hypothesis, a newer spatial-contrast hypothesis, and a wider approach which focuses on experiential constraints on learning, including the canonicality effect.