贝叶斯推理研究综述

Kahneman 和Tversky在70年代初期发现人们在概率推理中并不遵循数学上的贝叶斯定理,常常由于忽略问题中的基础概率而对稀少事件的条件概率作出夸大的反应。此后心理学家采用文本范式和经验范式对此问题进行了大量的研究,并涌现了一些不同的理论观点,主要有启发法策略论(代表性启发法和可得性启发法)、自然抽样空间假说、频率效应论和抽样加工理论。     

计算难度和知识背景对消费者百分数基数忽略的影响

在选择促销品时,消费者经常会出现百分数基数忽略错误,即价值判断时只基于百分数大小而忽略基数。本研究以150名大学生为被试,考察计算难度和知识背景对百分数基数忽略的影响。结果表明:仅了解百分数基数忽略现象的消费者无论计算难度高低均会出现百分数基数忽略错误;而了解促销计算原理的消费者在高难度下会出现这种错误,在低难度下则不会,且了解促销原理有助于减轻消费者在高难度下出现该错误的倾向。     

儿童期情感忽视对大学生抑郁的影响:控制感与情绪调节自我效能感的链式中介作用

为探讨儿童期情感忽视与大学生抑郁的关系,以及控制感和情绪调节自我效能感在其中的中介作用,采用儿童期创伤问卷、控制感量表、情绪调节自我效能感量表和贝克抑郁量表(第2版),对重庆市两所高校共837名大学生进行调查。结果显示:(1)儿童期情感忽视显著正向预测大学生抑郁;(2)控制感、情绪调节自我效能感在儿童期情感忽视与抑郁之间起独立中介作用;(3)控制感与情绪调节自我效能感在儿童期情感忽视与抑郁之间起链式中介作用,且情绪调节自我效能感各维度的效应皆成立。本研究考察了儿童期情感忽视对抑郁的影响及其作用机制,为家庭教养方式的改善及大学生抑郁问题的预防与干预提供了实践启示。     

The Occupational Therapy Elder Abuse Checklist

ABSTRACT

Occupational therapists encounter elder abuse in society and in clinical practice; however, the occupational therapy literature is void of information and tools for assessing and treating individuals at risk. Occupational therapists are in a unique position to identify elder abuse. Definitions of elder abuse, signs and symptoms of elder abuse, and reporting practices required of professionals coming in contact with individuals who may have been abused are presented. The Occupational Therapy Elder Abuse Checklist was developed to assist the occupational therapist as well as other health care professionals in uncovering abusive situations of elders who are either living alone or living with others. Guidelines are provided for use with the tool. A case study illustrates use of the tool for reporting suspected abuse, and the assessment and treatment of an individual who is a victim of elder abuse.     

Parental satisfaction in child abuse and neglect: A review of standardized measures

Low levels of parental satisfaction have been implicated in parents' utilization of harsh disciplining strategies and perpetration of child abuse and neglect. Although measures of parental satisfaction have been present for more than 3 decades, the employment of these instruments in child maltreatment populations has been limited, perhaps due to a lack of empirical evaluation. This paper reviews extant studies that demonstrate the need to examine the relationship between parental satisfaction and child maltreatment, and provides a critical examination of existing measures of parental satisfaction, including their psychometric support and application to child maltreatment. Recommendations are offered regarding the utility of these measures in child maltreatment.     

Reliability and Factor Structure of the Psychological Maltreatment and Neglect Scales of the Computer Assisted Maltreatment Inventory (CAMI)

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Psychological Maltreatment (PM) and Neglect subscales of the Computer Assisted Maltreatment Inventory (CAMI; DiLillo et al., 2010 DiLillo, D., Hayes-Skelton, S. A., Fortier, M. A., Perry, A. R., Evans, S.Messman-Moore, T. L. 2010. Development and initial psychometric properties of the Computer Assisted Maltreatment Inventory (CAMI): A comprehensive self-report measure of child maltreatment history. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34: 305–317. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The CAMI is a retrospective self-report measure that assesses multiple forms of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual, physical, psychological, neglect, exposure to interparental violence) retrospectively from adults. The CAMI's PM and Neglect subscales were administered to a geographically diverse sample of 400 college students and a sample of 412 newlyweds. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted for each group separately by subscale. Represented in the PM factor structures were items that depict emotional responsiveness, terrorizing/spurning, demanding/rigid, corrupting, and isolating parental behaviors. The Neglect scale included items depicting basic needs, cleanliness, abandonment, monitoring and medical neglect factors. Revised versions of the CAMI PM and Neglect subscales based on the factor analysis are presented.     

父母忽视与青少年短视频过度使用的关系：正念和自我控制的中介机制

为考察父母忽视与青少年短视频过度使用的关系,并探索正念与自我控制的多重中介机制,选取1015名青少年为研究对象,进行父母忽视、自我控制、正念和短视频过度使用的测量。结果表明：（1）父母忽视与短视频过度使用呈显著正相关。（2）自我控制在父母忽视与短视频过度使用间起中介作用,且正念和自我控制还在两者间起链式中介作用。     

Parental Psychopathology and Paternal Child Neglect in Late Childhood

We aimed at determining the association of both severity of paternal and maternal substance use disorder (SUD) and psychiatric disorders with paternal child neglect severity during late childhood. The sample comprised 146 intact SUD (n=71) and non SUD (n=75) families with a 10–12 year old female or male biological offspring. The average age of fathers, mothers, and children was 44 (SD=5.9), 42 (SD=4.78), and 11 (SD=.79) years, respectively. The ethnic composition was 85% Caucasian and 15% African American. The results showed that paternal and maternal SUD and psychiatric disorders severity was correlated with paternal child neglect severity. However, paternal psychopathology failed to achieve significance in the regression analyses. Severity of maternal, especially severity of antisocial personality disorder symptoms was associated with paternal child neglect. These results are discussed within the framework of evolutionary psychology research examining paternal investment in the offspring. Implications for the necessity of identifying parental psychopathology and an integrated treatment approach are discussed.     

自我概念影响选择性记忆的理论模型与研究

关于自我概念对个人选择性记忆的影响及其机制问题目前主要存在不一致—负性忽略模型和关联模型两种解释。前者假定,个人努力忽略对与其积极自我概念不一致或冲突信息的加工,以维持其自我概念的稳定性,但该模型忽视了自我概念的个别差异。后者则假定,自我概念对选择性记忆的影响是由评价性信息与自我概念的关联程度决定的,并质疑记忆的心境一致性效应,但该模型无法解释积极自我概念者面临消极心境和消极自我概念者面临积极心境时对外部信息的记忆模式。未来研究有必要考察即时性心境状态下不同自我概念对选择性记忆加工的影响,以促进对自我概念和心境状态影响记忆选择性及其机制的深入理解。