教育和心理研究中的多层线性模型

多层线性模型是分析具有层次结构数据的一种新型统计分析技术,与传统统计方法相比,具有模型假设与实际更吻合、结果解释更合理等特点。近年来这一方法的应用逐渐在社会科学的研究中受到重视。文章从多层线性模型的基本假设入手,较系统地介绍了模型参数估计和假设检验的方法,并通过一个具体例子将这一方法与传统回归分析方法相比,进一步说明了多层线性模型在分析具有层次结构数据时的优点。     

小脑与发展性阅读障碍

发展性阅读障碍是学龄儿童面临的学习问题之一。近年来,许多行为和神经生理学、影像学实验都发现,发展性阅读障碍的儿童有明显的运动功能失调,如平衡性差、身体灵敏度不够以及自动化水平低。Nicolson等人提出的小脑理论认为,阅读障碍者的小脑功能失调影响了书写及发音,导致语音及阅读能力不足,而且小脑与时间控制有关,阅读障碍者的时间估计能力有缺陷与他们的小脑功能失调有关。本文回顾了有关小脑理论的研究,并指出小脑的认知功能还有待进一步的研究。     

项目反应理论多级记分模型参数估计的实现

项目反应理论中参数估计程序的实现,一直是研究现代测量理论的学者们关注的问题。该研究从理论上探讨了多级模型参数估计的实现途径,并模拟了5批不同数量及分布情形的项目及被试参数,生成相应的原始得分矩阵,对自编程序及国际流行的相关程序进行了严格的比较校验,验证结果证明本程序具有精确、稳定的性能,并且发现被试量太少将影响参数估计的精确性及稳定性     

Evaluating a model of global psychophysical judgments—II: Behavioral properties linking summations and productions

Steingrimsson and Luce [Journal of Mathematical Psychology, in press] outlined the second author's proposed psychophysical theory [Luce (2002), Psychological Review, 109, 520-532; Luce (2004a) Psychological Review, 111, 446-454] and tested behavioral attributes that, separately, gave rise to two psychophysical functions, Ψ_⊕ and Ψ_°p. The function Ψ_⊕ maps pairs of physical intensities onto the positive real numbers and represents subjective summation, and the function Ψ_°p represents a form of ratio production. This article evaluates properties linking summation and production in such a way as to force Ψ_°p=Ψ_⊕=Ψ. These properties, which are a form of distributivity, are subjected to an empirical evaluation in three experiments. The testing strategy is carried out in the auditory domain and concerns the subjective perception of loudness. Considerable support is provided for the existence of a single function Ψ for both summation and ratio production.     

GPCM模型项目参数估计程序的开发与研究

该文对GPCM的项目参数估计的方法进行较为深入的探讨,特别对容易混淆的参数初值计算以及项目参数分两步进行估计的原因进行了阐述。并且基于MMLE／EM算法,开发了相应的项目参数估计程序。通过大量的蒙特卡洛模拟,与国外专业软件PARSCALE比较,本程序的步骤参数估计值更好,区分度参数估计值相当,具有较好的应用价值。     

Distorted distance estimation induced by a self-relevant national boundary

Six experiments explored the possibility that the categorization of self versus not-self can distort visual estimations of distance. In Experiments 1-3, Americans overestimated the distance between a U.S. location and a foreign location relative to a visually equidistant U.S. location. In Experiment 4, Canadians overestimated foreign relative to Canadian locations. Experiment 5 showed that this effect occurs even when the domestic context is not physically contiguous. Experiment 6 showed that distance distortion occurs only when crossing one’s own border to a foreign location, not when crossing borders from one foreign location to another. Thus, crossing the psychological boundary between self and not-self creates a visual illusion that distorts on-line distance estimates.     

Statistical models of syntax learning and use

This paper shows how to define probability distributions over linguistically realistic syntactic structures in a way that permits us to define language learning and language comprehension as statistical problems. We demonstrate our approach using lexical‐functional grammar (LFG), but our approach generalizes to virtually any linguistic theory. Our probabilistic models are maximum entropy models. In this paper we concentrate on statistical inference procedures for learning the parameters that define these probability distributions. We point out some of the practical problems that make straightforward ways of estimating these distributions infeasible, and develop a “pseudo‐likelihood” estimation procedure that overcomes some of these problems. This method raises interesting questions concerning the nature of the data available to a language learner and the modularity of language learning and processing.     

基于RSM对Q矩阵相同的无锚题测验的等值

传统锚题-非等组设计下的测验等值,等值要求的满足具有主观性,并且由于锚题失效或难以获得等因素的影响,则该方法的使用受到了限制。因此,本研究基于规则空间模型的Q矩阵理论,生成两个Q矩阵相同但无锚题的测验的共同受测者,使用共同组设计,利用同时性估计的方法对测验进行等值,并考虑了作答失误率和测验结构对等值稳定性的影响。结果表明:共同组设计同时估计方法的等值稳定性取得了优于或等于锚题-非等组同时估计方法;失误率的增大也会导致等值稳定性的下降;并且不同的测验结构也对等值稳定性产生了影响,其中直线型和收敛型结构稳定性较好,发散型和无结构型较差。     

Facteur d’impact et mondialisation culturelle

In the present article, we recall the principle of articles consummation as defined by the ISI creator (Institute for Scientific Information). That principle justifies the impact factor (IF) used as a measure of a journal scientific value, of a researcher or of a researcher group… We expose some assumptions that support the IF validity. Further we demonstrate that, on the one hand, these assumptions are not very well established and, on the other hand, that principle and the IF success bias the scientific activity. We consider next two shapes that this bias could take: at best a phenomenon of fashions, at worst, an ideological war having as purpose the American way of thinking domination.     

Alexithymia and individual differences in emotional expression

Two studies examined verbal and nonverbal expression in relation to facets of alexithymia. Participants were videotaped while they talked about negative and positive events that had happened to them. Persons high in difficulty identifying feelings were less emotionally expressive, nonverbally, of positive emotion during a positive talk, and of negative emotion during a negative talk. Other facets of alexithymia were not independently related to expressiveness. Verbal expressiveness was not independently related to any facet of alexithymia. Study 2 showed that these relationships were independent of whether the participant was alone or with another. The implications for the understanding of the nature of the deficit in alexithymia, and of the effects of disclosure are discussed.