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321.
    
This article concerns the group concept problem in people labelled as having learning disabilities, described in a series of papers by Gibbons and colleagues (Gibbons, 1981 , 1985a , 1985b ; Gibbons & Gibbons, 1980 ; Gibbons & Kassin, 1982 ). We argue that the interpretations of these studies are questionable, and alternative explanations for the patterns of results found are possible. Examples from a study in which people with the label talked about particular others who also have the label are presented. In these examples, the category was not represented as homogeneous, relationships with others were valued, and a desire for distance was only found when participants talked about people who behaved aggressively. The findings are discussed with reference to the social model of disability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
322.
    
Developmental stages in general and Piaget's stages in particular have given rise to considerable controversy. Much of this controversy revolves around the responses that have been given to the following five central questions: (1) Do developmental stages exist? (2) If they exist, where are they? (3) What features define a developmental sequence as a sequence of developmental stages? (4) What psychological processes underlie developmental change? (5) Should we abandon the concept of developmental stages? The main goal of this paper is to present a critical review of such responses, while arguing for a strong conception of development and a “non-received” view of Piaget's theory. After an introduction section, we elaborate on each of the five questions. Finally, we present several reasons why this paper often appeals to Piaget's theory, and why his theory has been greatly misunderstood.  相似文献   
323.
    
Dove (2009) and Machery (2007) both argue that recent findings about the nature of numerical representation present problems for Concept Empiricism (CE). I shall argue that, whilst this evidence does challenge certain versions of CE, such as Prinz (2002), it needn’t be seen as problematic to the general CE approach. Recent research can arguably be seen to support a CE account of number concepts. Neurological and behavioral evidence suggests that systems involved in the perception of numerical properties are also implicated in numerical cognition. Furthermore, the discovery of associations between spatial and numerical representations also lends independent support to a CE approach. Although these findings support CE in general, certain versions of the theory may need revising in order to accommodate them. In particular, it may be necessary to either jettison Prinz's (2002) Modal Specificity Hypothesis or to revise one’s method for individuating modal representational formats.  相似文献   
324.
    
The present study examined the relationship between self‐image and outcome in psychotherapy. Patients (n = 170) received treatment‐as‐usual at a university clinic, and met diagnostic criteria for mostly anxiety and depression related disorders. Self‐image was measured with the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB‐I) introject pre and post‐treatment. Using multiple regression analyses, higher levels of Self‐ignore and Self‐blame pre‐treatment predicted a poorer treatment outcome in terms of symptoms (SCL‐90‐R) and interpersonal problems (IIP‐64), respectively. Increase in Self‐love and decrease in Self‐blame (pre to post) predicted reduced symptoms at post‐treatment, whereas decrease in Self‐attack and Self‐control, as well as increase in Self‐affirm, predicted reduced interpersonal problems. The results suggest that self‐image improvement may be important in order to achieve a good outcome in psychotherapy.  相似文献   
325.
It is well accepted that materialism may result in a number of negative consequences, hence the importance of improving its understanding. In this paper, we propose that materialism negatively relates to self‐concept uncertainty. Uncertainty about oneself is aversive and those feeling uncertain may use the possession of material objects as a way to reduce the uncertainty. Inasmuch as material objects can serve as concrete signs of self‐worth, self‐concept uncertainty can therefore relate to more materialism. Over two studies, one in Australia and the other in the US, with a total of 390 participants, our research demonstrates that lower clarity about one's self‐concept associates with higher levels of materialism. While this result holds for both genders, this relationship is considerably stronger for women compared to men. We also find that lower self‐concept clarity relates to higher compulsive buying. We further demonstrate that materialism relates to higher positive moods during shopping, and also relates to higher negative moods after shopping, more notably negative moods towards what was purchased. This effect is significant even when controlling for general affective states.  相似文献   
326.
中学生学习动机类型和对自身学习能力评价的关系   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
对4个地区1万多名中学生的学习动机类型和对自身学习能力的评价进行了调查,结果发现:1当前中学生中具有内部学习动机者并不多,持外部学习动机的中学生为数甚多.2中学生对自我学习能力的评价普遍较低,中学生认为自身考试的能力要强于课上和课下学习的能力.3外部动机占优势的中学生对自己考试能力评价最高;内部动机占优势的中学生对自己课下学习能力的评价最高.不同年级的学生由于学习任务的需要,可能表现出与学习动机类型不一致的对自我学习能力的评价,在具体的动机类型中,还可能表现出性别优势.  相似文献   
327.
大学生性别自我概念的结构   总被引:33,自引:2,他引:31       下载免费PDF全文
同时运用外显的自陈式量表和自行设计的内隐联想测验来研究大学生的性别自我概念 ,结果表明 :(1)运用内隐联想测验来测量内隐性别自我概念是可靠、有效、敏感的 ;(2 )在性别自我概念的内隐层面上 ,性别差异十分显著 ;在性别自我概念的外显层面上 ,除了女性正性量表外 ,其他量表上均未表现出显著的差异。 (3)性别自我概念是一个双重的结构 :包括一个内隐的性别自我概念和一个外显的性别自我概念 ,前者是一个一维的未分化的结构 ,后者是一个两维的结构 ,并且二者相对独立  相似文献   
328.
传统的观点认为,儿童早期的分类是基于类别的归纳的基础。根据这种观点,儿童早期的分类与基于类别的归纳是一致的。该研究在不同材料条件下测试了4岁儿童面临知觉相似和概念冲突时的自由分类与归纳推理的一致性。研究结果显示,在照片条件下,4岁儿童的自由分类和基于类别的归纳是不一致的,儿童的分类主要是基于知觉相似的,而基于类别的归纳主要是基于概念的;在线条画条件下,儿童的分类与基于类别的归纳是一致的,都主要是基于知觉相似的。这些结果显示,儿童早期的分类和基于类别的关系是复杂的。  相似文献   
329.
从摩梭人的词汇看人类概念的发展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
沙毓英 《心理学报》1996,29(3):328-333
通过调查摩梭人的词汇研究人类概念的发展。摩梭人到本世纪七十年代还盛行母系家 庭,至今没有文字。调查方法是从小学汉语文课本中选出一批常用词汇,把当地摩梭和汉两种 语文水平最高的几个知识分子请到一起,逐词逐字地共同讨论,核实提供调查的词汇在摩梭 语中是否有对应词。不论有无对应词均以全体同意为准。结果表明,摩梭人词汇数量较少,范 围较窄,概括和具体化的程度都不高。作者认为,由摩梭词汇标志的概念发展状况,可作人类 概念发展早期的一个例证。  相似文献   
330.

首先,以叙事学、人类学、叙事医学三个学科领域的界定与分析来厘清叙事概念。其次,在此基础上指出叙事医学发展进程中存在的问题,包括医学教育与临床实践适应性不同、平行病历工具的运用不宜脱离临床情境、对反思性写作进行反思、对叙事走进医学的质疑与反思等。最后,提出中国叙事医学高质量发展的可能路径:叙事病历研究构成临床实践落地的重要起点、构建中国主体的叙事医学教育框架、跨学科多向度的综合实践意义重大等。

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