现代公共卫生的概念特征及发展方向研究

现代公共卫生本质上是组织社会共同努力,预防疾病、促进健康的广泛的社会公共事业和人类健康相关的科学与实践活动,其理论观念、目标任务和工作模式等在传统公共卫生的基础上已发生了一系列重大变化.以健康为中心、与经济社会协调发展是现代公共卫生作的重要的发展方向.     

音乐传达哲理性概念的认知神经机制

哲理性概念是音乐表现的对象之一。由于音乐不具有类似语言的语义性, 对哲理性概念的理解常常成为音乐欣赏者的困扰。基于此, 本项目聚焦于听者对哲理性概念的理解。通过选取音乐训练经历不同的人群为被试, 系统考察哲理性概念加工的认知神经机制。本项目成果将揭示音乐诱发哲理性概念加工的神经机制, 厘清音乐训练对音乐外在意义加工的作用, 从而在一定程度上回答人类对音乐意义理解的普遍性问题。     

Daily dynamics of personal identity and self‐concept clarity

We examined the daily dynamics among self‐concept clarity and identity processes, and their effects on distress, among a sample of 580 Dutch adolescents. Participants completed measures of identity, self‐concept clarity, anxiety and depression at annual intervals; and daily single‐item measures of self‐concept clarity, identity commitments and reconsideration across three 5‐day weeks. We examined (a) cross‐lagged associations of self‐concept clarity to identity commitment and reconsideration and (b) associations of daily fluctuations in self and identity processes to later anxiety and depression. Results indicated that self‐concept clarity and identity commitments influence one another reciprocally across days, and that day‐to‐day fluctuations in identity predicted later anxiety and depression. Results are discussed in terms of self and identity processes and their effects on distress. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Number-knower levels in young children: insights from Bayesian modeling

Lee and Sarnecka (2010) developed a Bayesian model of young children’s behavior on the Give-N test of number knowledge. This paper presents two new extensions of the model, and applies the model to new data. In the first extension, the model is used to evaluate competing theories about the conceptual knowledge underlying children’s behavior. One, the knower-levels theory, is basically a “stage” theory involving real conceptual change. The other, the approximate-meanings theory, assumes that the child’s conceptual knowledge is relatively constant, although performance improves over time. In the second extension, the model is used to ask whether the same latent psychological variable (a child’s number-knower level) can simultaneously account for behavior on two tasks (the Give-N task and the Fast-Cards task) with different performance demands. Together, these two demonstrations show the potential of the Bayesian modeling approach to improve our understanding of the development of human cognition.     

骨科学的新进展及其在治疗中的应用

现代各学科的交叉和融汇已经使骨科的临床诊疗技术有了革命性的进展,医学各学科之间以及医学与其它学科之间的交叉引用、促进发展体现了哲学体系中“综合”的概念。通过对近年来骨科发展的一些新思路的浅见来窥探综合理念在本领域应用的前景,试图阐明从学科交叉寻找合理且有前景的增长点也是未来骨科发展的必由之路。     

当代学者对自立认识的概念分析

在对有关自立的文献进行广泛检索的基础上,根据有关标准纳入了136项进行概念分析。从自立的特性、结构、条件与影响因素、结果与意义、相关概念、表现与指标等方面,对当前学者关于个体自立的认识进行了梳理。发现:①学者们的论述反映出的自立特性主要包括模糊性、独立性、主动性、道德性、辩证性、过程性和心理内容丰富性7个。②自立的条件与影响因素主要包括内在因素、外在环境因素以及个人修行因素三种。③不少学者强调自立是个体生存与发展的基础和结果。④文献中与自立关系最混乱的概念依次是自强、独立、自主、自尊、自信。⑤目前还没有学者给出有效的自立评价方法与指标。最后,对自立的实质、自立人格的结构、自立研究的现状与发展以及自立研究的意义等问题进行了讨论。     

青少年犯罪者道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理表征及其原因

该研究探讨了青少年犯罪者道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理表征及其原因。研究1和研究2分别采用内隐联想测验（IAT）和迫选式纸笔测验,考察无意识和意识条件下青少年犯罪者道德概念垂直空间隐喻的心理表征。研究3采用问卷法和测验法,分析影响隐喻联结的因素。结果表明,青少年犯罪者已形成“道德是上,不道德是下”的隐喻联结,但联结强度较低。认知因素对青少年犯罪者道德概念垂直空间隐喻的形成起了非常重要的作用;而狱中再教育对其联结强度的提高也有不可忽视的作用。     

The concept of reflection: a systematic review and thematic synthesis across professional contexts

Reflection is widely endorsed by professional bodies and practitioners are required to document professional learning to evidence standards of professionalism. Due to the lack of a consensual definition for reflection, there is confusion regarding ‘what reflection is’. Prior to the development of an empirical evidence base that explores reflection, it is important to develop a consensually agreed concept and definition to guide experimental research. The aim of this systematic review is to understand the concept of reflection by performing a synthesis of existing conceptually oriented qualitative studies. Fourteen sources were included in a thematic synthesis that resulted in the construction of four analytical themes: cognitive, integrative, iterative and active. These themes were explored in relation to existing research and a novel definition of reflection was proposed. It is hoped that this review will encourage further enquiry into the concept and process of reflection.     

经济发达与欠发达地区城乡小学生自我概念的比较研究

为比较研究经济发达与欠发达地区的城乡小学生自我概念的特点,在山东省九地市分层抽取3—5年级小学生481人,用自我概念量表(SDQ)进行问卷调查。结果表明：(1)发达地区小学生自我概念高于欠发达地区;在生理外貌和一般自我概念两个因子上,城高于乡,而在其它各项上城乡差异不显著。(2)经济发达地区小学生自我概念城乡差异显著,城高于乡;而经济欠发达地区城乡无显著差异。(3)仅在自我概念的同伴关系因子上,女生高于男生;在自我概念其它各因子及总分上性别差异均不显著。(4)年级因素的主效应、性别与年级的交互作用在各项上均不显著。