World‐Pictures and Wittgensteinian Certainty

Although certainty is a fundamental notion in epistemology, it is less studied in contemporary analytic epistemology than other important notions such as knowledge or justification. This paper focuses on Wittgensteinian certainty, according to which the very basic dimension of our epistemic practices, the elements of our world‐pictures, are objectively certain, in that we cannot legitimately doubt them. The aim of the paper is to offer the best philosophical way to clarify Wittgensteinian certainty, in a way that is consonant with Wittgenstein's fundamental insights. The paper critiques two alternative proposals for clarifying Wittgensteinian certainty that are philosophically unsatisfying: the rule view and the proposition view. Finally, it instead shows how viewing world‐pictures as pictures, in the sense of unclear conceptions, is a more philosophically fruitful approach to understanding world‐pictures.     

可以兼顾策略、认知状态和能力的CD-CAT选题方法

当CD-CAT测验需要同时诊断被试的解题策略、认知状态并评估被试的宏观能力时,就需要在选题过程中兼顾这三个测量目标。用两种不同方式将多策略香农熵(MSSHE)指标与Fisher信息量相结合,提出多策略情境中的DWI指标MSDWI)选题法与“先用MSSHE后用Fisher信息量”的两步选题法。基于多策略RRUM模型(MS-RRUM),将这两种方法与随机选题法在不同属性数量条件下进行模拟比较,结果表明：当属性数量为4个或6个时,两步选题法在策略判准率、认知状态判准率和能力估计三个方面都有最佳的效果。     

The association of motor information and verbal information: a new perspective on the mechanism of the SPT effect

Current perspectives on the mechanism underlying the Subject Performed Task (SPT) effect have not yet reached a consensus. This study investigated whether the association between motor and verbal information is a key factor that explains the SPT effect. Experiment 1 and 2 tested whether motor and verbal retrieval memory performance were different when the association level was varied. Results showed that when subjects used low association learning materials, memory performance in either motor or verbal retrieval condition was significantly better than performance in the combined retrieval condition. Experiment 3 examined whether the level of association between motor and verbal information affects the SPT effect. Results revealed that the SPT effect disappeared when low association learning materials were used. Our findings imply that the high association level between motor and verbal information enables mutual activation of the two information types, leading to improved memory performance.     

基于选项层面的认知诊断非参数方法

充分挖掘选择题(Multiple-Choice, MC)的诊断信息受到了较多关注, 将干扰项信息考虑在内可以提升诊断精度。为了弥补参数模型基于大样本才能获得可靠估计的不足, 以及适用于班级水平的小样本诊断测验情境, 本研究提出了非参数的多选题诊断方法。模拟和实证研结果表明：(1)当MC测验中题目参数不存在较大差异时, ${{d}_{\text{ph}-\text{MC}}}$法在多数情况下表现优于参数类诊断模型。(2)当MC测验中题目参数存在较大差异时, ${{d}_{ph-MC}}$法的表现最优。(3)实证研究中非参数方法和参数类模型的分类一致性程度较高, ${{d}_{\text{ph}-\text{MC}}}$距离法估计得到的考生属性总体掌握程度与总分相关最高。最后, 基于MC诊断测验的特点提出了若干研究方向。     

La méthode agile,une nouvelle méthode pour promouvoir l’accompagnement inclusif

Over the past fifteen years, the health and social care policies in charge of vulnerable population, have evolved and have urged professionals to change their practices to promote the values of an inclusive society. Personal support has reached a consensus in response to fostering empowerment and coordinating efforts for actions undertaken. However, for lack of new methods capable of shaping outreach differently, practices are struggling to free themselves from phased management processes organized on a logic of support. This article aims at presenting an original method called “agile” that meets current expectations. It is based on six principles of action guaranteeing not only mobility and resources of the situation but also the empowerment of the accompanying and the accompanied.     

非工作时间使用手机工作与员工生活满意度：心理脱离的中介作用和动机的调节作用

非工作时间使用手机工作普遍存在于员工的家庭生活中,带来了一系列积极或消极的影响。使用日记法对88个员工连续5天的日记调查发现：（1）非工作时间使用手机工作对员工生活满意度有显著负向影响;（2）心理脱离在非工作时间使用手机工作和员工生活满意度之间有中介作用;（3）使用手机的动机在非工作时间使用手机工作与员工心理脱离之间有调节作用。研究结果启示管理者可以提高员工的心理脱离水平和自主动机,从而降低非工作时间使用手机工作的消极影响。     

Knowledge and assertion in “Gettier” cases

Assertion is fundamental to our lives as social and cognitive beings. By asserting, we share knowledge, coordinate behavior, and advance collective inquiry. Accordingly, assertion is of considerable interest to cognitive scientists, social scientists, and philosophers. This paper advances our understanding of the norm of assertion. Prior evidence suggests that knowledge is the norm of assertion, a view known as “the knowledge account.” In its strongest form, the knowledge account says that knowledge is both necessary and sufficient for assertability: you should make an assertion if and only if you know that it is true. The knowledge account has been rejected on the grounds that it conflicts with our ordinary practice of evaluating assertions. This paper reports four experiments that address an important objection of this sort, which focuses on a class of examples known as “Gettier cases.” The results undermine the objection and, in the process, provide further evidence for the knowledge account. The findings also teach some important general lessons about intuitional methodology and the curation of genres of thought experiment.     

顿悟体验的心理与神经机制

顿悟体验研究是揭示顿悟本质的重要途径。先前研究从认知角度对顿悟问题解决中的"旧而无效解题思路如何抛弃"与"新而有效解题思路如何形成"过程进行了颇多探讨,但较少探讨顿悟体验本身。顿悟体验研究对理清创造性顿悟中关键过程间的关系及阐明顿悟的科学规律均有重要的意义。基于创造性顿悟的"新旧交替"的动态视角,本项目拟借助多元方法来对言语类和视图类问题解决过程中尝试解题阶段和答案闪现阶段的顿悟体验的心理实质与脑机制进行研究。本项目成果不仅可以丰富和优化顿悟问题研究的方法学体系,而且能从知情转化层面深化对创造性顿悟脑机制的认识。     

一种可融入额外信息的机器学习诊断法

研究将PNN和曼哈顿距离、贝叶斯定理相结合,提出了一种相对简洁的可融入额外信息的认知诊断法MB-PNN,通过模拟和实证研究考察了MB-PNN的有效性和适宜性,得到以下结论:(1)M-PNN的判准率高于PNN,表明将PNN中的ED修改为MD是适宜的;(2)MB-PNN的判准率较M-PNN和PNN高,表明基于多种信息的判别较基于单一信息的判别更为精准;(3)MB-PNN保留了PNN原有的非参数优势,基本不受知识状态分布和样本容量影响;(4)MB-PNN最能区分不同类型的学生,在认知诊断评估实践中更为适宜。