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191.
Evgeni N. Sokolov Wolfram Boucsein 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2000,35(2):81-119
Despite a wide variety of emotions that can be subjectively experienced, the emotion space has consistently revealed a low
dimensionality. The search for corresponding somato-visceral response patterns has been only moderately successful. The authors
suggest a solution based on an assumed parallelism between emotion coding and color coding. According to the color detection
model proposed by Sokolov and co-workers, neurons responsible for color detection are triggered by a combination of excitations
in a limited number of input cells. Similarly, a limited number of input channels may feed complex emotion detectors being
located on a hypersphere in a four-dimensional emotion space, the three angles of which correspond to emotional tone, intensity,
and saturation, in parallel to hue, lightness, and saturation in color perception. The existence of such a four-dimensional
emotion space in the subjective domain is shown by using schematic facial expressions as stimuli.
A neurophysiological model is provided in which reticular, hypothalamic, and limbic structures constitute input channels of
an emotion detecting system, thus acting as the first layer of emotion predetectors. Hypothalamic neurons with differential
sensitivity for various transmitters may elicit a subsequent selective activation in a second layer of predetectors at the
thalamic level. The latter are suggested to trigger emotion detectors located in cortical areas, the action of which should
be revealed by measures of central nervous system activity. Preliminary results from evoked potential studies show that switching
between schematic faces that express different emotions may be used as an objective measure for establishing a psychophysiological
emotion space. 相似文献
192.
J Dinsmoor 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2001,75(3):367-378
There is no consensus and very little overlap in the criticisms of my target article. Because the primary consequences of avoidance behavior are by definition alterations in the distribution of shocks in time, any theory about the reinforcement of such behavior necessarily must begin with that dimension. However, the safety‐signal version of two‐process theory calls on positively and negatively correlated stimuli, including the responses themselves serving as stimuli, to transmit the effects of those alterations to the relevant behavior. Meanwhile, the Herrnstein—Hineline single‐process theory hypothesizes an additional source of reinforcement: a direct effect of reduction in the density of shock over some extended period of time. I can find no data that selectively support that hypothesis. 相似文献
193.
二级强化程序是一种以物质的强化效应为基础,评价药物的精神依赖性潜力的方法,将其应用到自身给药实验中,即为二级强化自身给药模型。在这个模型中,动物在条件性刺激的影响下按压杠杆以寻求药物的行为反映了其对成瘾性药物的渴求。使用二级强化程序,人们发现:条件性刺激既能够影响觅药行为的获得和保持,也能够影响这种行为的消退;伏隔核的核区、杏仁核基底外侧部和内侧前额皮层等部位在药物相关的条件性刺激诱导动物产生觅药行为的过程中起重要作用。二级强化程序的应用为开发治疗药物成瘾的物质提供了一条新思路 相似文献
194.
195.
196.
Using an identity matching-to-sample procedure, normally developing prereaders who matched individual letters with high accuracy (e.g., m and s) did not show high accuracy in matching three-letter printed words that differed only in the first letter (e.g., mad and sad). Teachers and researchers should not assume that children who can discriminate individual letters can also discriminate minimally different words that contain those letters. 相似文献
197.
Palya WL 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1985,43(3):321-330
Food was presented to pigeons, irrespective of their behavior. The fixed 60-s interfood interval was segmented into ten 6-s periods, each signaled by a distinctive stimulus color, ordered by wavelength. This “interfood clock” reliably generated and maintained successively higher rates of key pecking at stimuli successively closer to food. Under extinction, key pecking ceased. When the standard stimulus sequence was changed to a different sequence for each bird, accelerated responding again emerged and was sustained under each of the new color sequences. However, responding was neither maintained nor acquired when each successive interfood interval provided a different random sequence of the ten stimuli. Thus, the interfood clock generated and maintained sign-tracking under stimulus control, and the resulting behavior was attributable neither to stimulus generalization nor to a simple temporal gradient. 相似文献
198.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether pigeons learn a sequence of positional responses or a series of conditional discriminations under a repeated-acquisition-of-behavioral-chains procedure. Three pigeons were trained under a repeated-acquisition procedure in which three different key colors served as stimuli correlated with the three steps in a chain. The order of presentation of the three stimuli was altered during the latter part of each test session after acquisition had occurred. If the pigeons had acquired a response sequence, the pattern of responding should remain the same as in the initial portion of the test session. However, if the pigeons had acquired a conditional discrimination, the response pattern should change in accordance with the changed order of the key colors. Although the results of this study do not rule out the possibility that the subjects acquired, to some degree, a response sequence, the results suggest that the behavior of pigeons under a repeated-acquisition-of-behavioral-chains procedure is controlled primarily by conditional discriminative stimuli. 相似文献
199.
Two rhesus monkeys were trained in a same/different task to discriminate digitized computer-stored picture stimuli. The pictures were digitized from 35-mm slides and presented in pairs on a computer monitor. The monkeys were required to touch the pictures and then make a choice response to indicate whether the pictures were identical or nonidentical. The response areas and stimuli were located to the sides of the picture stimuli. Responses were defined and monitored by an infrared matrix touch screen. After learning the same/different task, both monkeys showed performance accuracy with novel picture stimuli similar to that with training picture stimuli. This accurate novel-picture transfer indicates that a same/different concept had been learned, a concept similar to the one they had previously demonstrated in a different apparatus with rear-projected slide stimuli and a response lever. 相似文献
200.