医疗腐败的市场根源：儒家思想的角度

中国的医疗腐败问题成为社会关注的热点,其中一个重要的原因就是市场化过程中,一些不恰当的政策导致了医疗服务腐败的现象。核心就是忽视了中国传统的儒家思想对维护和改善医患关系的积极作用。应当重视儒家道德思想,并在此基础上重塑医学伦理。     

汉语句子的标记因素对外国留学生理解的影响

以不同标记程度汉语句子为材料,母语是英语、日语和韩语的留学生为被试,母语为汉语的大学生作参照,研究汉语句子的标记因素对留学生理解的影响。结果发现:(1)有标记结构规则的句子是比较难理解的;(2)受母语的影响,有时标记程度相同的汉语句子对不同母语类型的留学生难易有差异,甚至表现相反;(3)使用频率多可能会使有标记的句子理解起来比较容易。研究结果为在对外汉语教学中有针对性教学提供参考。     

"It's Us Against the World": How Distrust in Americans versus People-In-General Shapes Competitive Foreign Policy Preferences

Previous research has uncovered links between generalized distrust and preferences for competitive (vs. cooperative) action. However, based on individuals' tendency to hold consistent attitudes and to believe that their own political preferences are morally legitimate, it was hypothesized that the direction of the relationship between distrust and competitive foreign policy preferences would depend on which category individuals had in mind: Americans or people. Two correlational studies with American participants were consistent with this hypothesis. Study 1 showed that distrust in Americans versus people had qualitatively different relationships with support for competitive policy preferences (i.e., immigration control, militaristic action). Study 2 found that when the covariance between distrust in Americans and people was controlled, distrust in Americans predicted opposition to torture of suspected terrorists, whereas distrust in people predicted support for torture of suspected terrorists. Moreover, individual discrepancies between distrust in Americans versus people uniquely predicted support for torture. Finally, mediational analyses in both studies indicated that political conservatism explained the effects between distrust in Americans versus people and competitive policy preferences. It is argued that distrust in Americans and distrust in people are distinct but complementary bases of Americans' moral-political reasoning.     

Dugin Eurasianism: a window on the minds of the Russian elite or an intellectual ploy?

This paper considers the views of Alexander Dugin, a leading proponent of Eurasianism in contemporary Russia. The point of his teaching is the preservation of the traditional social/cultural make-up of each civilization. He also believes that the Russian Slavs together with the minorities of the Russian Federation constitute a quasi-unity of Eurasian civilization. He emphasizes that globalism, led by the USA, is a mortal threat to the cultural identity of Russia/Eurasia and all other civilizations. For this reason the USA and Russia are locked in mortal conflict with one other. At the outset of his intellectual career, in post-Soviet Russia, Dugin believed that Putin would follow the Eurasian road. It would be wrong to see Dugin as an intellectual guru at the head of the post-Soviet elite. Still, his views are important, for they indicate the kinds of ideas that circulate in the minds of the Russian elite.

成人气管、支气管异物误诊原因之辩证分析

气管、支气管异物是耳鼻喉科常见疾病,但成人气管、支气管异物较少见,因异物吸入史不明确、临床表现不典型,常易误诊。利用哲学原理辩证分析其误诊的主客观原因,以提高对成人气管、支气管异物认识,减少误诊,防止误治。哲学对于当前临床医学是十分重要的。     

抗菌药物合理应用的宏观和微观问题

抗菌药物不合理应用现象长期得不到纠正,细菌耐药稳步攀升,正引起医学界、社会和政府的高度关注。本文就宏观上的抗菌药物使用政策与微观上的临床用药两方面存在的问题进行探讨。介绍了国际上关于抗菌药物政策的研究以及抗菌药物合理使用的新观点（尽早开始经验性治疗、“降阶梯”治疗策略、运用抗菌药物PK／PD原理指导临床用药、短程治疗）。主张调整宏观抗生素策略,去除该政策单纯、片面限制使用和应用药敏实验结果指导临床用药绝对化的做法。吸纳国际上的新成果,强化监管力度,更多采用教育和技术手段。     

医疗决策的程序公正

由于社会满足不了所有的医疗需求,医疗决策问题变成了确定医疗的限度问题。由于社会对于限度决定很难获得共识,医疗决策要通过公正的程序获得。医疗决策不能由某个人或某个团体或权力机构做出,而应该通过民主协商来做出,否则,人们会质疑医疗决策的合法性。     

Development as Happiness: The Subjective Perception of Happiness and UNDP’s Analysis of Poverty, Wealth and Development

This paper examines to what extent the concept of happiness is complementary to the United Nations Development Program's (UNDP) human development approach in the evaluation of poverty, wealth and development. The deconstruction of UNDP's discourse on and its measurement of these concepts show that its perspective is highly arbitrary. Poverty is exclusively defined as lack and state of ill-being, inferior to wealth regarded as a state of abundance and well-being. Development then becomes a teleological process trying to promote well-being through abundance. Yet, this external perspective of UNDP on well-being is questioned by the subjective perception of the individuals themselves. Happiness studies—which define happiness as the degree to which an individual judges the overall quality of his life-as-a-whole favorably—prove that higher levels of UNDP's development indicators are not necessarily better for subjective well-being. Despite methodological and conceptual problems, happiness studies discover that the individuals' perception of poverty, wealth and development can differ considerably from UNDP's perspective. Increased income, better objective health and higher levels of education do not automatically lead to greater happiness. Furthermore, additional dimensions essential for human happiness are detected by the research, yet not taken into account by UNDP. A country ranking comparison between the two approaches confirms the different visions of well-being. The integration of a happiness indicator in its analysis of poverty, wealth and development is thus indispensable for UNDP in order to correct its analytical and also practical approach to development.     

Human embryonic stem cell research and the discarded embryo argument

Many who believe that human embryos have moral status are convinced that their use in human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research can be morally justified as long as they are discarded embryos left over from fertility treatments. This is one reason why this view about discarded embryos has played such a prominent role in the debate over publicly funding hESC research in the United States and other countries. Many believe that this view offers the best chance of a compromise between the different sides in this debate. This paper focuses on what seems to be the most plausible argument for this view about discarded embryos. It shows that this argument is unsound regardless of how one understands the claim that embryos have moral status. It also discusses the implications of this conclusion for attempts to use this argument as a basis for public policy.

Making global news: “Freedom of speech” and “Muslim rage” in U.S. journalism

The American press began to take notice of the Danish cartoons after they began to circulate outside of Europe. The press primarily framed the events as a single problem of global interaction: an issue of ‘freedom of speech’ opposed to ‘religious sensitivity.’ Much of the coverage permitted, within limits, a plurality of voices. Drawing on a case study of stories about the ‘cartoon controversy’ in the Boston Globe, I argue that U.S. journalism is organized by a logic of objectivity that seeks to produce a ‘perspectiveless perspective on all perspectives’ (Bourdieu, On television. New York: The New Press, 1998), showing voices on ‘both sides,’ simultaneously masked and contributed to the press’s reifying a series of events into a single global ‘event,’ one that reflected a clash of Western and Islamic values.