针灸早期介入出血性中风治疗的困惑与思考

针对国内外在针灸早期介入出血性中风治疗方面的现状与分歧,以及给针灸临床工作者的带来的困惑,提出自己的一些思考。认为,临床研究标准化、规范化,发挥群体作用,开展国际合作,形成统一的临床研究规程,才能促进针灸疗法的发展。     

How do familiarity and fatal accidents affect acceptance of self-driving vehicles?

Expected benefits of disruptive technologies such as self-driving vehicles may only materialize if they are publicly accepted. Acceptance increases when implementation is experienced as initial concerns become unfounded and individuals become familiar with the new technology. Fatal accidents, however, negatively affect acceptance. This paper examines citizens' acceptance of self-driving vehicles by contrasting pre- and post-implementation of a self-driving shuttle in Switzerland and before and after the first fatal accident involving a self-driving vehicle in Arizona (USA) in 2018 gaining high media attention. To gauge acceptance, a panel survey using a random sample of 1408 Swiss residents was used. The results indicate that news about the fatal accident abroad exerts a stronger effect on acceptance than experiencing a self-driving bus trial. Latent scepticism causes acceptance to decrease in the event of an accident but only lasts short term. However, acceptance levels are stable and at high levels, which also explains the comparably low familiarity effects. As public acceptance is necessary for technology transitions, this article provides policymakers practical insights on how citizens form preferences towards traffic automation and related policy regulations. More specifically, results show how attitudes change over time while residents experience a trial and the first fatal accident with the technology at hand.     

Reactions toward an unexpected or counternormative favor-giver: Does it matter if we think we can reciprocate?

People may experience two opposing motivations after receiving unexpected or counternormative favors: an obligation to reciprocate and psychological reactance. We investigated whether awareness of a future opportunity to reciprocate might affect which reaction would ultimately guide reciprocity behavior. Participants received a generous payment from a “supervisor.” This favor was either expected or unexpected and either normative or counternormative. Recipients were either aware or unaware of a future chance to reciprocate. As predicted, unaware participants demonstrated reactance by reciprocating less when the favor was unexpected or counternormative, whereas aware participants demonstrated obligation by reciprocating more under those circumstances. Participants’ evaluations of the supervisor suggested that people have mixed impressions of someone whose favors violate expectancies or norms.