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随机支持模型试图以假设支持为随机变量的方式描述主观概率的校准。采用随机配对的60个中国城市户籍人口的比较任务验证了该模型对初中、高中和大学生的适用性。研究还表明青少年主观概率校准的发展特点:青少年的正确率随年龄的增长而提高;主观概率判断(信心)不同年龄有显著差异,大学生信心最强,其次是初中生、再次是高中生;大学生主观概率判断的极端性最强,其次是初中生,再次是高中生;青少年的主观概率校准是过度自信的。  相似文献   
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王鸢清  刘国雄 《心理科学》2022,45(6):1524-1530
摘要:文学小说阅读可以提高个体社会认知能力,但其中具体心理机制有待探索。本文通过梳理以往研究,从文学小说的社会性和文学性两个视角入手,结合模拟理论,精加工似然模型和叙事传输理论讨论了文学小说阅读影响社会认知的心理机制,并在此基础上初步构建了文学小说影响社会认知的动机-情感-认知加工策略框架。文学小说的社会性会增强读者对故事的情感卷入(叙事传输理论),并引发读者对故事内容进行心理模拟(模拟理论);文学小说的文学性同样能够增强读者对故事的情感卷入(叙事传输理论),同时促使读者在动机层面愿意耗费更多认知资源去理解故事内容(精加工似然模型),进而促进心理模拟。未来需要更多实证研究来检验这一框架的解释力,完善其边界条件,寻找脑机制层面的证据。  相似文献   
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ABSTRACT

Childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) has been found to be associated with marital dissatisfaction. However, less attention has been paid to the married couples during the initial transition to parenthood from the perspective of both partners, as well as the underlying mechanisms by which parents’ CEM histories are related to marital satisfaction. The purposes of this study were to examine the relation between CEM and current marital satisfaction among first-time parents using dyadic analysis, and to test the serial mediating effects of emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress. A total of 156 couples during the transition to parenthood from mainland China reported on CEM, emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms), and marital satisfaction at 6 months postpartum. Results indicated that paternal depression significantly mediated the paths from paternal emotional maltreatment to paternal and maternal marital dissatisfaction. In comparison, maternal depression significantly mediated the link between maternal CEM and maternal marital dissatisfaction. In addition, the association between maternal CEM and maternal marital satisfaction was serially mediated by maternal cognitive reappraisal and maternal depression. This study highlights the importance of examining the link between CEM and marital satisfaction and its underlying mechanisms from the dyadic perspective.  相似文献   
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We examined whether perceived similarity in COVID-19 centrality (i.e., the extent to which one thinks of the pandemic as shaping current and future life) is associated with family relationship quality during the pandemic. Thinking that other family members are similar to oneself regarding the pandemic's centrality may improve the quality of family relationships. We collected data from Turkish family triads (i.e., mother, father, 18–25 years old child) and had 481 participants from 180 families. Participants rated their similarity in COVID-19 centrality with the other two family members and reported the general and daily quality of their relationship with them (relationship satisfaction, closeness, conflict). We analyzed the data using the Social Relations Model. We found that family members who, on average, perceived more similarity in COVID-19 centrality reported higher levels in positive attributes of general relationship quality (i.e., satisfaction and closeness). The effects on conflict and daily relationship quality were less conclusive. This research confirms that family members' reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic are interdependent. Perceiving that other family members are of similar minds about the centrality of the pandemic relates positively to some aspects of relationship quality.  相似文献   
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This study aims to explore age prejudice, and to examine age stereotyping in children and adolescents by adopting the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) as a theoretical framework. It was hypothesised that children are socialised into adopting an ambivalent representation of old age (socialisation hypothesis) and that this cognitive bias becomes weaker in adolescence due to greater cognitive maturity (developmental hypothesis). By analysing representative data from Portugal (European Social Survey; N = 2367), it was ascertained that the ambivalent age stereotype (higher evaluations of warmth than competence for older people) is indeed a shared social representation of older people in Portuguese society. A total of 103 Portuguese children (6–10 year olds) and adolescents (11–15 year olds) were then sampled from a local school and responded to age‐appropriate measures assessing age prejudice as well as age stereotypes. Contrary to previous studies, the findings do not provide evidence for the existence of age prejudice because both children and adolescents reported positive feelings towards older people. However, the socialisation hypothesis was corroborated by showing that the ambivalent old age stereotype was already present in childhood. Contrary to the stipulated developmental hypothesis, the magnitude of this cognitive bias was very similar in adolescence.  相似文献   
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In this work, the problems of knowledge acquisition and information processing are explored in relation to the definitions of concepts and conceptual processing, and their implications for artificial agents.The discussion focuses on views of cognition as a dynamic property in which the world is actively represented in grounded mental states which only have meaning in the action context. Reasoning is understood as an emerging property consequence of actions-environment couplings achieved through experience, and concepts as situated and dynamic phenomena enabling behaviours.Re-framing the characteristics of concepts is considered crucial to overcoming settled beliefs and reinterpreting new understandings in artificial systems.The first part presents a review of concepts from cognitive sciences. Support is found for views on grounded and embodied cognition, describing concepts as dynamic, flexible, context-dependent, and distributedly coded.That is argued to contrast with many technical implementations assuming concepts as categories, whilst explains limitations when grounding amodal symbols, or in unifying learning, perception and reasoning.The characteristics of concepts are linked to methods of active inference, self-organization, and deep learning to address challenges posed and to reinterpret emerging techniques.In a second part, an architecture based on deep generative models is presented to illustrate arguments elaborated. It is evaluated in a navigation task, showing that sufficient representations are created regarding situated behaviours with no semantics imposed on data. Moreover, adequate behaviours are achieved through a dynamic integration of perception and action in a single representational domain and process.  相似文献   
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