SARS突发病害与大学生信任感的变化历程

用问卷法在SARS期间对北京大学生信任感进行了调查,研究了SARS突发病害对大学生信任感的影响。结果表明：SARS爆发初期,大学生的信任感有所下降,尤其对政府、媒体和学校的信任感下降较明显;SARS冲击下大学生信任感呈现了动态平衡的特点;影响信任感的主要因素是政府;制度制定和信息传递是引发社会态度转变的根本因素。     

权力感对拟人化产品购买意愿的影响

从信息加工流畅性视角切入,探讨消费者权力感对不同类型拟人化产品购买意愿的影响及其作用机理。168名本科生参与分组实验。结果表明,对于高权力感的人来说,与热情型拟人化产品相比,他们对能力型拟人化产品的购买意愿更高;对于低权力感的人来说,与能力型拟人化产品相比,他们对热情型拟人化产品的购买意愿更高。信息加工流畅性在权力感与拟人化类型交互影响拟人化产品购买意愿关系中起完全中介作用。     

癫痫预测方法的分析与研究

癫痫预测目的有两个从技术的层面去理解癫痫发作的机理,并对癫痫发作进行测量和改善,探索引发癫痫发作的周期性及先兆;开发出可靠的“癫痫发作前预警及治疗装置”。癫痫预测的主要研究方法有频域分析方法;时序分析方法;智能系统工程方法;非线性动力学方法。目前,越来越多的研究集中在非线性动力学的方法上,且来自多种方法的很多证据证明癫痫可以预测。     

易学与术数辨析

易学与术数之间存在千丝万缕的联系,但二者有基本的区别。从历史上看,易学与术数皆源于巫觋之术,而算命术则是术数中的一大门类。自学理上看,易学乃是揭示形而上之道的学问,术数是进行形而下应用操作的规则。但是术数中也蕴涵形上哲理,而且《周易》本为卜筮之书,要研究易学,难以绕开对术数的探讨。     

Undermining trust and cooperation: The paradox of sanctioning systems in social dilemmas

Sanctioning systems in social dilemmas are often meant to increase trust in others and to increase cooperation. We argue, however, that sanctioning systems may also give people the idea that others act in their own self-interest and undermine the belief that others are internally motivated to cooperate. We developed the “Removing The Sanction” paradigm and a new trust manipulation, and showed in three experiments that when there is a sanction on defection, trust in others being internally motivated to cooperate is undermined: Participants who had experienced the presence of a sanctioning system trusted fellow group members less than participants who had not. In a similar vein, the sanction undermined cooperation when trust was initially high. The implications of these paradoxical findings are discussed.     

Prediction in infants and adults: A pupillometry study

Adults use both bottom‐up sensory inputs and top‐down signals to generate predictions about future sensory inputs. Infants have also been shown to make predictions with simple stimuli and recent work has suggested top‐down processing is available early in infancy. However, it is unknown whether this indicates that top‐down prediction is an ability that is continuous across the lifespan or whether an infant's ability to predict is different from an adult's, qualitatively or quantitatively. We employed pupillometry to provide a direct comparison of prediction abilities across these disparate age groups. Pupil dilation response (PDR) was measured in 6‐month olds and adults as they completed an identical implicit learning task designed to help learn associations between sounds and pictures. We found significantly larger PDR for visual omission trials (i.e. trials that violated participants’ predictions without the presentation of new stimuli to control for bottom‐up signals) compared to visual present trials (i.e. trials that confirmed participants’ predictions) in both age groups. Furthermore, a computational learning model that is closely linked to prediction error (Rescorla‐Wagner model) demonstrated similar learning trajectories suggesting a continuity of predictive capacity and learning across the two age groups.     

Mitigating the Harmful Effect of Perceived Organizational Compliance on Trust in Top Management: Buffering Roles of Employees’ Personal Resources

This study considers how employees’ POC—defined as their beliefs that the organizational climate stifles change and values compliance with the status quo—reduce their trust in top management, as well as how this negative relationship might be buffered by access to two personal resources that support organizational change: openness to experience and affective commitment to change. Data from a sample of Pakistan-based organizations reveal that POC reduce trust in top management, but this effect is weaker at higher levels of openness to experience and affective commitment to change. These findings are significant in that they indicate that employees who operate in organizational climates marked by “yea-saying” can counter the difficulty of improving their job situation by drawing from adequate personal resources.     

“License to Fail”: Goal definition,leader group prototypicality,and perceptions of leadership effectiveness after leader failure

Leaders who fail to achieve group or organizational goals risk losing follower endorsement. We propose a model in which leader characteristics (leader group prototypicality—the leader’s representativeness of group identity) and goal definition (a maximal goal that ideally would be reached vs. a minimal goal that ought to be reached) interact to affect leadership perceptions after failure. Group prototypical (vs. non-prototypical) leaders are proposed to receive more trust in leadership and, therefore, to be evaluated as more effective by their followers after failing to achieve a maximal goal, but not after failing to achieve a minimal goal. This model was supported in a series of four studies including experimental, field, and scenario paradigms. In addition, we showed that this model holds only after failure and not after success, and more for followers who identify strongly (vs. weakly) with their group.     

Beyond control of variables: What needs to develop to achieve skilled scientific thinking?

We identify three aspects of scientific thinking beyond the control-of-variables strategy that we claim are essential for students to master as a foundation for skilled scientific thinking. The first is strategic and involves the ability to coordinate effects of multiple causal influences on an outcome. The second is a mature understanding of the epistemological foundations of science, recognizing scientific knowledge as constructed by humans rather than simply discovered in the world. The third is the ability to engage in skilled argumentation in the scientific domain, with an appreciation of argumentation as entailing the coordination of theory and evidence. We present new empirical data with respect to the first two of these competencies, supporting the claim that they are not well developed by early adolescence and warrant attention and provision of effective kinds of scaffolding.